The indoor positioning system (IPS) is becoming increasing important in accurately determining the locations of objects by the utilization of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) involving smartphone sensors, embedded sources, mapping localizations, and wireless communication networks. Generally, a global positioning system (GPS) may not be effective in servicing the reality of a complex indoor environment, due to the limitations of the line-of-sight (LoS) path from the satellite. Different techniques have been used in indoor localization services (ILSs) in order to solve particular issues, such as multipath environments, the energy inefficiency of long-term battery usage, intensive labour and the resources of offline information collection and the estimation of accumulated positioning errors. Moreover, advanced algorithms, machine learning, and valuable algorithms have given rise to effective ways in determining indoor locations. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the positioning algorithms for indoors, based on advances reported in radio wave, infrared, visible light, sound, and magnetic field technologies. The traditional ranging parameters in addition to advanced parameters such as channel state information (CSI), reference signal received power (RSRP), and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) are also presented for distance estimation in localization systems. In summary, the recent advanced algorithms can offer precise positioning behaviour for an unknown environment in indoor locations.

Obstacle detection system is a system that reacts to the object in the path and perform action such as stopping robot movement and collision prevention according to the design of algorithm which enhance the safety level of robot. This paper examines the overview of sensor technology that associates with obstacle detection system and car-like robot. This review summarizes the effectiveness and weakness of common type of sensors such as lidar, radar, ultrasonic sensor, infrared sensor, computer vision, sensor fusion and sensor array. This paper will also discuss on control methods for car-like robot that includes hand gestures, voice control, infrared remote control, Android based Bluetooth mobile control, and Wi-Fi based mobile control, outlining the effectiveness and limitation of each control method.

Fire detectionsystemby image processing is a growing research in this era. There are many methods used to detect fire out, butstill need to develop an accurate method to detect fire without false alarms. This is due to the fact that many methods used RGB colour mode for detection. In this paper, mainly focuson detecting the fire effectively using thermal video from a thermal camera while in the same time the system will alert the people if fire was detected,and also observed the speed of the fire.This will enormouslybenefitto the fire fighters.With thissystem, thefire can be detected effectively while alerting the people and giving valuable information to the fire fighters fortheir job more effectively.

Humans shifted their focus toward robots when they realized that, with the increased complexity of built environments and the rapid advances in fields such as manufacturing and civil structures, robots could serve human development. This paper investigates the development of a mobile robot that uses ultrasonic sensors to obtain distance readings and utilizes those readings to draw 3D maps of its surroundings. The robot is designed to perform in narrow spaces and in rough terrain environments, such as underground piping structures or underground wiring networks. The wheeled platform is capable of maneuvering on rough surfaces guided by a specially designed obstacle navigation strategy using ultrasonic sensors. The mounting of the 3D mapping sensors is a new and innovative approach that resolves many of the problems encountered in previous proposed designs for 3D ultrasonic mappers. The 3D mapping sensors obtain data to create a 2D map and position localization data to create a 3D form. This paper presents the results obtained through extensive work on developing the vehicle and testing the control and 3D mapping algorithm.

This research explores the impact of encoder resolution on the odometry accuracy and navigational performance of a differential-drive Autonomous Mobile Robot (AMR), using the Automated Trash Mobile Robot (ALTO) as a test platform. Encoder pulse-per-revolution (PPR) values ranging from 40 to 4096 were simulated in Gazebo. A custom encoder and odometry simulation algorithm were developed and integrated into the ROS1-based navigation stack. Controlled experiments—including straight-line, rotational, and dynamic path tests—were conducted in virtual environments to compare positional accuracy using /odom, /amcl_pose, /global_pose, and /world_pose. Results showed that higher PPR values improved odometry precision, particularly in orientation estimation, but had limited influence on global pose accuracy under AMCL-based sensor fusion. While lower resolutions caused noticeable drift, AMCL maintained robust localization. The findings offer practical guidance for optimizing encoder selection, balancing cost and performance in industrial AMR deployments.

This paper presents the design and development of an affordable prosthetic arm capable of performing finger movements, such as opening and closing, in various patterns. The prosthetic arm utilizes an Arduino microcontroller and servo motors, aiming to create a user-friendly assistive device for individuals with upper limb disabilities through a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). The device is intended for individuals with below-elbow (transradial) amputations, which may result from causes like trauma, cancer, or vascular diseases. Constructed with PLA+ materials, the prosthetic is designed for both comfort and durability, with 3D printing enabling cost-effective and customizable production. The prototype is tested for three movement patterns: default option 1: opening and closing all fingers starting from the pinky, option 2: opening and closing all fingers simultaneously, and option 3: opening and closing all fingers starting from the thumb. Test results are analyzed to evaluate the functionality and performance of the device. This innovative approach demonstrates the potential of a low-cost, highly functional prosthetic arm that can enhance mobility and independence for users, demonstrating the power of accessible, affordable technology for assistive applications.