This study aimed to explore premenstrual disorders and their relationship to emotional and physical abuse. In addition to investigating the effect of age and marital status on the extent of prevalence of premenstrual disorders and levels of emotional and physical abuse. A sample consisting of 214 participants was randomly selected from gynecology Clinics with an age rating from 14 to 40 years. In order to data collection, the emotional and physical abuse scale and premenstrual disorders scale have been used. The findings of the study reported the mean score of the emotional and physical abuse for both father and mother models. The finding reported that the level of emotional and physical abuse was at a medium level amongst the participants in both mother and father models. Moreover, the mean score for premenstrual disorders was about normal levels among the participants. Findings also detect a poor positive correlation between the extent of prevalence of premenstrual disorders, emotional and physical abuse as self-reported by the participants. While the findings presented two significant differences related to emotional and physical abuse – the mother model based on age variables. However, the findings did not detect any significant differences regarding the effect of participants’ age on the emotional and physical abuse–father model and the prevalence of premenstrual disorders. Finally, the findings did not find any effects in emotional and physical abuse and the prevalent premenstrual disorders among the participants based on their marital status. Keywords: emotional abuse, physical abuse, premenstrual disorders

This study focused on examining the personality patterns and spiritual intelligence among type one diabetes patients by including participants who have type one diabetes. The sample of the study consisting of (45) type one diabetes patients was selected for careful observation of patients’ data. For measuring the personality patterns, the Big Five Inventory was used, and the Self-Report Inventory Spiritual Intelligence was used to examine the participants' Spiritual Intelligence. The findings of the study showed that. A moderate level of extraversion and neuroticism were indicated by participants. Also, A high level of spiritual understanding is reflected by the scores of spiritual intelligences. finding also indicated a higher score in extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness were positively correlated with higher levels of spiritual intelligence. Finally. It is well defined under the readings of regression analysis that in the case of spiritual intelligence openness and conscientiousness are the significant positive predictors. Other parameters that contributed actively are extraversion and agreeableness. Neuroticism acted as a negative predictor.

The current study aimed to build a criterion-referenced test in measurement and evaluation and determine its cut-off score by several methods. The primary test form had 45 items, which a group of professors and measurement and evaluation experts reviewed; their comments and feedback were taken into account, and the final test form had 40 items. The test has been presented to 174 university students to examine its psychometric characteristics. Multiple statistical techniques were later performed using the SPSS program, and the results show that the discrimination and difficulty coefficients ranged from 0.36 to 0.82. Additionally, the test reliability was calculated using the Kuder-Richardson -20 and Spilt half statistical methods, and the concurrent validity was 0.76. The results showed that the value of the Kuder-Richardson -20 method was 0.81, while the value of the Spilt-Half method was 0.79. Finally, the cut-off score has been calculated using four methods, and the results indicate that the Angoff method value was 65%, the Nedelsky method was 64%, the contrasting groups’ method was 68%, and the criterion groups’ method was 62%. Keywords: criterion-referenced test, measurement, and evaluation, university student, the cut-off score. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/14-1-06 Publication date: January 31^st 2023

Objective: This study investigates the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in enhancing children's second language (L2) learning, with a focus on cognitive and metacognitive skills. Methodology: A mixed-methods approach was used, combining both the statistical analysis of children’s L2 achievement pre- and post-tests and content analysis of interviews with educators, parents, and AI developers. Key Findings: The study revealed that AI technologies, such as speech recognition systems and interactive learning environments, hold significant promise for enhancing children's L2 learning by providing immediate feedback tailored to learners’ conditions. Conclusions and Recommendations: Nonetheless, its application should adhere to specific guidelines, as barriers, including ethical concerns, insufficient teacher training, and overdependence on technology, were identified. الهدف: تستكشف هذه الدراسة فعالية أدوات الذكاء الاصطناعي (AI) في تعزيز تعلم الأطفال للغة الثانية (L2)، مع التركيز على المهارات المعرفية وما وراء المعرفية. المنهج: تم استخدام نهج متعدد الأساليب، يجمع بين التحليل الإحصائي لاختبارات تحصيل الأطفال في اللغة الثانية قبل الاختبار وبعده وتحليل محتوى المقابلات مع المعلمين وأولياء الأمور ومطوري الذكاء الاصطناعي. أهم النتائج: كشفت الدراسة أن تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي، مثل أنظمة التعرف على الكلام وبيئات التعلم التفاعلية، حسّنت تعلم الأطفال للغة الثانية من خلال تقديم تغذية راجعة فورية مصممة حسب حال الأطفال. ومع ذلك، حددت الدراسة أيضاً حواجز، بما في ذلك المخاوف الأخلاقية، ونقص تدريب المعلمين، والاعتماد المفرط على التكنولوجيا. الاستنتاجات والتوصيات: تشير النتائج إلى أن الذكاء الاصطناعي يحمل وعوداً كبيرة لتعزيز تعلم اللغة لدى الأطفال في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة. ومع ذلك، يجب أن يلتزم تطبيقه بإرشادات محددة.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between electronic game addiction and sleep disorders among Jordanian adolescents. Sample of the study were 576 adolescents (325 males and 251 females) their age between 14 to 17 years. Lemmens., Valkenburg, and Peter scale for electronic games addiction and the Albana scale for adolescents' sleep disorder were used. The study considers the frequent links between severe internet addiction and the emergence of addictive-like traits in adolescents. The results suggested a higher level of electronic game addiction which was significantly associated with a higher level of sleep disorder. Results also showed that withdrawal, mood modification, and silence explained 69.30% of sleep disorders among Jordanian adolescents. Moreover, total electronic game addiction explained 40% of the variance in sleep disorder among Jordanian adolescents. Keywords: sleep disorder, electronic games, addiction, Jordanian adolescents. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/14-13-04 Publication date:May 31^st 2023

Objective: This study examined the associations among self-regulation, psychological distress, and medication adherence in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted on 471 adults with T2DM selected through convenience sampling from outpatient diabetes clinics. Data were collected using the Self-Regulation Questionnaire, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, and General Medication Adherence Scale. Structural equation modeling was performed to evaluate direct and indirect associations among variables. Multi-group analyses examined invariance across gender and age groups. Findings: Participants demonstrated moderate self-regulation (M = 3.12, SD = 0.41) and medication adherence (M = 2.84, SD = 0.49), while psychological distress was high (M = 4.03, SD = 0.58). Structural equation modeling revealed that self-regulation was negatively associated with psychological distress (β = −0.34, SE = 0.07, p < .001) and positively associated with medication adherence (β = 0.38, SE = 0.09, p < .001). Psychological distress was negatively associated with medication adherence (β = −0.42, SE = 0.09, p < .001). Psychological distress partially mediated the relationship between self-regulation and medication adherence (β = 0.14, SE = 0.05, p < .001). The model explained 12% of the variance in psychological distress and 31% of the variance in medication adherence. Multi-group analyses showed invariance across gender and age (ΔCFI = 0.00). Conclusion: Higher self-regulation is associated with lower psychological distress and better medication adherence among adults with T2DM. Psychological distress partially mediates this relationship, suggesting that interventions targeting emotional regulation may improve adherence outcomes.