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Within a shifting climate of renewable energy options, technology innovations in the energy sector are vital in combating fossil-fuel-driven climate change and economic growth. To enter this market dominated by fossil fuels, renewable energy innovations need to overcome significant barriers related to cost, relative advantages compared to fossil fuels, and policy incentive programs. A better understanding of the innovation diffusion of new technologies in establishing the renewable energy industry can aid policy makers in designing and implementing other renewable energy support programs and improving adoption rates within existing programs. This study assessed industry leaders’ perceptions through semi-structured interviews. We explored the innovation diffusion process of wood pellet residential heating technology, as well as policy needs and barriers within this industry that are hindering successful long-term diffusion and sustainability. We show that while there is high potential to the wood pellet industry in terms of local resources and overall advantages to fossil fuels, it can be difficult to achieve sustainable economic growth with current cost barriers and further policy programs and incentives are needed in addition to improved communication to reduce adoption barriers for wood pellet technology.
Casey Olechnowicz; Jessica Leahy; Tian Guo; Emily Silver Huff; Cecilia Danks; Maura Adams. Industry Leaders’ Perceptions of Residential Wood Pellet Technology Diffusion in the Northeastern U.S. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4178 .
AMA StyleCasey Olechnowicz, Jessica Leahy, Tian Guo, Emily Silver Huff, Cecilia Danks, Maura Adams. Industry Leaders’ Perceptions of Residential Wood Pellet Technology Diffusion in the Northeastern U.S. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4178.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCasey Olechnowicz; Jessica Leahy; Tian Guo; Emily Silver Huff; Cecilia Danks; Maura Adams. 2021. "Industry Leaders’ Perceptions of Residential Wood Pellet Technology Diffusion in the Northeastern U.S." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4178.
Contemporary approaches to studying family forests have identified distinct subgroups of landowners through segmentation analysis. Our study expands on this approach, incorporating the concept of place to provide a novel perspective on how the cognition and emotions that create place attachment and landowner concerns influence certain landowner behaviors. We specifically modeled legacy planning and future landowner ownership behavioral intentions/behaviors. A mail survey was administered to a statewide sample of Maine family forest landowners that measured place attachment and landowner concerns regarding biophysical and social conditions on their woodland. Results based on the 878 respondents (54.9% response rate) indicated place attachment and landowner concern are related to legacy planning, land ownership, and development behavioral intentions, and when considered in conjunction with segmentation analysis, it was found the majority of family forest landowners in the sample experienced strong place attachment and moderate levels of concern. Our study suggests that forest outreach, forest policies and additional family forest research should further consider and incorporate the intangibles of the landowner experience.
Jessica Leahy; Patrick Lyons. Place Attachment and Concern in Relation to Family Forest Landowner Behavior. Forests 2021, 12, 295 .
AMA StyleJessica Leahy, Patrick Lyons. Place Attachment and Concern in Relation to Family Forest Landowner Behavior. Forests. 2021; 12 (3):295.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessica Leahy; Patrick Lyons. 2021. "Place Attachment and Concern in Relation to Family Forest Landowner Behavior." Forests 12, no. 3: 295.
We examined broad-scale patterns in family forest owners’ decisions to use estate planning and conservation tools, and participate in preferential tax programs in eight forested landscapes of the United States. We focused our analyses on patterns across regions and states, and scrutinized the impacts of adding regional and state fixed effects to discrete choice models of owner behaviors. We used chi-square testing and binary discrete choice models to analyze mail-survey responses collected from landowners. Our exploratory research revealed distinct broad-scale patterns by owner decision, with the strongest evidence of state and regional variation in owner participation in preferential tax programs and some evidence of such variation in decisions to use wills and trusts. In contrast, we detected no such differences when examining decision-making about conservation easements across regions or states. Our findings in support of state and regional effects suggest forested landscape contexts beyond owner and parcel characteristics matter and could potentially drive differences in behaviors and forest outcomes. Measures of regional and state fixed effects can provide useful information about contextual differences across forested landscapes, such as differences in public programs and engagement aimed at owners. They can also inform the appropriateness of transferring insights across landscapes. Building on these findings, we share guidance for future data collection and research, including how improved monitoring and greater consideration of contextual factors beyond individual and ownership characteristics could enhance understanding of family forest owner decision-making and landscape change.
Kathleen P. Bell; Marla Markowski-Lindsay; Paul Catanzaro; Jessica Leahy. Family-forest owner decisions, landscape context, and landscape change. Landscape and Urban Planning 2018, 188, 118 -131.
AMA StyleKathleen P. Bell, Marla Markowski-Lindsay, Paul Catanzaro, Jessica Leahy. Family-forest owner decisions, landscape context, and landscape change. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2018; 188 ():118-131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKathleen P. Bell; Marla Markowski-Lindsay; Paul Catanzaro; Jessica Leahy. 2018. "Family-forest owner decisions, landscape context, and landscape change." Landscape and Urban Planning 188, no. : 118-131.
Much of the family-forest-owned land in the United States is expected to change hands as current ownerships grow older and pass on their holdings. To date, little research has been conducted on this ownership decision. Using mail survey data from the northeastern United States, we explore family-forest-owner (FFO) legacy planning. We summarized FFO interest in planning for the future use of their land. We found that nearly 50% of respondents believe that controlling future use of their land is important; and one-half to two-thirds of respondents are open to keeping most or all of their land forested and undivided. We investigated legacy priorities influencing FFO intentions and decisions to control use. FFO intentions to keep their land in forest use and intact have significant influence on designating future use. Further, FFOs have distinct legacy goals that significantly influence intention and behavior to designate future use of their land.
Marla Markowski-Lindsay; Paul Catanzaro; Kathleen Bell; David Kittredge; Ezra Markowitz; Jessica Leahy; Brett Butler; Anita Milman; Shorna Allred. In Forest and Intact: Designating Future Use of Family-Forest-Owned Land. Journal of Forestry 2018, 116, 357 -366.
AMA StyleMarla Markowski-Lindsay, Paul Catanzaro, Kathleen Bell, David Kittredge, Ezra Markowitz, Jessica Leahy, Brett Butler, Anita Milman, Shorna Allred. In Forest and Intact: Designating Future Use of Family-Forest-Owned Land. Journal of Forestry. 2018; 116 (4):357-366.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarla Markowski-Lindsay; Paul Catanzaro; Kathleen Bell; David Kittredge; Ezra Markowitz; Jessica Leahy; Brett Butler; Anita Milman; Shorna Allred. 2018. "In Forest and Intact: Designating Future Use of Family-Forest-Owned Land." Journal of Forestry 116, no. 4: 357-366.
Bridie McGreavy; Laura Lindenfeld; Karen Hutchins Bieluch; Linda Silka; Jessica Leahy; Bill Zoellick. Communication and sustainability science teams as complex systems. Ecology and Society 2015, 20, 1 .
AMA StyleBridie McGreavy, Laura Lindenfeld, Karen Hutchins Bieluch, Linda Silka, Jessica Leahy, Bill Zoellick. Communication and sustainability science teams as complex systems. Ecology and Society. 2015; 20 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBridie McGreavy; Laura Lindenfeld; Karen Hutchins Bieluch; Linda Silka; Jessica Leahy; Bill Zoellick. 2015. "Communication and sustainability science teams as complex systems." Ecology and Society 20, no. 1: 1.
Criticisms of conventional knowledge production systems target their inability to address complex issues involving natural resources. In response, several researchers have adopted participatory research methodologies, incorporating more holistic problem-solving approaches that greatly value the knowledge and abilities of stakeholders. This case study explores forest science researchers' engagement strategies with stakeholders and how researchers can incorporate alternative approaches to knowledge production. We conducted semistructured interviews with forest science researchers, asking direct questions about how they define and work with stakeholders. Analysis revealed a great awareness among researchers for the need to cooperate with stakeholders and to incorporate their knowledge and abilities into the research process, as well as lamentations over structural, institutional, and resource limitations inhibiting the adoption of these practices. Our results reveal both how forest science researchers and institutes work with stakeholders and how they can better incorporate these stakeholder engagement methodologies into their research practices.
Patrick W. Lyons; Jessica E. Leahy; Laura Lindenfeld; Linda Silka. Knowledge to Action: Investigating Implicit Knowledge Production Models Held Among Forest Science Researchers. Society & Natural Resources 2014, 27, 459 -474.
AMA StylePatrick W. Lyons, Jessica E. Leahy, Laura Lindenfeld, Linda Silka. Knowledge to Action: Investigating Implicit Knowledge Production Models Held Among Forest Science Researchers. Society & Natural Resources. 2014; 27 (5):459-474.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrick W. Lyons; Jessica E. Leahy; Laura Lindenfeld; Linda Silka. 2014. "Knowledge to Action: Investigating Implicit Knowledge Production Models Held Among Forest Science Researchers." Society & Natural Resources 27, no. 5: 459-474.
Building successful, enduring research partnerships is essential for improving links between knowledge and action to address sustainability challenges. Communication research can play a critical role in fostering more effective research partnerships, especially those concerned with knowledge co-production processes. This article focuses on community-university research partnerships and factors that influence participation in the co-production process. We identify specific pathways for improving partnership development through a prospective analytical approach that examines community officials’ interest in partnering with university researchers. Using survey responses from a statewide sample of Maine municipal officials, we conduct a statistical analysis of community-university partnership potential to test a conceptual model of partnership interest grounded in natural resource management theory and environmental communication. Our findings both support and advance prior research on collaborations. Results reveal that belief in the helpfulness of the collaborator to solve problems, institutional proximity, familiarity, perceived problem severity and problem type and trust influence interest in developing community-university partnerships. These findings underscore the benefits of proactively assessing partnership potential prior to forming partnerships and the important roles for communication research within sustainability science, especially with regard to strengthening partnership formation and knowledge co-production processes.
Karen Hutchins; Laura A Lindenfeld; Kathleen P. Bell; Jessica Leahy; Linda Silka. Strengthening Knowledge Co-Production Capacity: Examining Interest in Community-University Partnerships. Sustainability 2013, 5, 3744 -3770.
AMA StyleKaren Hutchins, Laura A Lindenfeld, Kathleen P. Bell, Jessica Leahy, Linda Silka. Strengthening Knowledge Co-Production Capacity: Examining Interest in Community-University Partnerships. Sustainability. 2013; 5 (9):3744-3770.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaren Hutchins; Laura A Lindenfeld; Kathleen P. Bell; Jessica Leahy; Linda Silka. 2013. "Strengthening Knowledge Co-Production Capacity: Examining Interest in Community-University Partnerships." Sustainability 5, no. 9: 3744-3770.
Small-scale forests are an excellent example of coupled social-ecological systems, which involve human and biophysical subsystems with complex two-way feedback interactions. The multifaceted nature of landowner decisions drives a significant need to better understand decision-making processes, reactions to policy, and combined impacts on ecosystems in a comprehensive manner. Small-scale forests require an integrated approach to modeling the social and biophysical components comprehensively. Agent-based modeling involves modeling individualistic behavior and interpreting patterns that emerge. The interaction between agents and their environments makes this a valuable tool to assess repeated decisions of individual landowners responding to changing environmental conditions. Agent-based models can be used to determine potential ecological, economic, and social outcomes of landowner decisions and reactions to changing conditions. A forest landowner agent-based model experiment was developed to model timber harvesting in Maine, USA. We present baseline simulation results and compare the effect of a social change (an increased tax rate) and a biophysical change (a pest outbreak resulting in increased tree mortality) on the system. These three scenarios were analyzed using ANOVA and MANOVA tests on harvested hectares and landowner goal scores to assess landowner behavior and priorities by action. We conclude by reviewing implications for future modeling efforts.
Jessica E. Leahy; Erika Gorczyca Reeves; Kathleen P. Bell; Crista L. Straub; Jeremy S. Wilson. Agent-Based Modeling of Harvest Decisions by Small Scale Forest Landowners in Maine, USA. International Journal of Forestry Research 2013, 2013, 1 -12.
AMA StyleJessica E. Leahy, Erika Gorczyca Reeves, Kathleen P. Bell, Crista L. Straub, Jeremy S. Wilson. Agent-Based Modeling of Harvest Decisions by Small Scale Forest Landowners in Maine, USA. International Journal of Forestry Research. 2013; 2013 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessica E. Leahy; Erika Gorczyca Reeves; Kathleen P. Bell; Crista L. Straub; Jeremy S. Wilson. 2013. "Agent-Based Modeling of Harvest Decisions by Small Scale Forest Landowners in Maine, USA." International Journal of Forestry Research 2013, no. : 1-12.
Many natural resource management agencies invest considerable time and financial resources into building relationships with their constituents. Theoretically, the building of trust produces a relationship that leads to socially acceptable planning and positive management outcomes. Despite the central role trust plays in natural resource management, empirical attempts to measure the construct have been limited. This research note presents the development and validation of a psychometric instrument intended to measure the trust held by local community members living adjacent to managed natural resource areas. The instrument is based in current theory, and exhibits reliable and valid psychometric properties when applied to different study populations. Our intention is to provide an accepted instrument through which knowledge regarding the unique dimensions of community/agency trust, and the entire trust construct as a whole, can be furthered.
Jordan W. Smith; Jessica E. Leahy; Dorothy H. Anderson; Mae A. Davenport. Community/Agency Trust: A Measurement Instrument. Society & Natural Resources 2013, 26, 472 -477.
AMA StyleJordan W. Smith, Jessica E. Leahy, Dorothy H. Anderson, Mae A. Davenport. Community/Agency Trust: A Measurement Instrument. Society & Natural Resources. 2013; 26 (4):472-477.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJordan W. Smith; Jessica E. Leahy; Dorothy H. Anderson; Mae A. Davenport. 2013. "Community/Agency Trust: A Measurement Instrument." Society & Natural Resources 26, no. 4: 472-477.
As discussed in earlier chapters, the forest and agricultural lands in the Northeast are poised to have a significant role in meeting societal demands for energy independence and renewable energy. Woody biomass, harvested and processed sustainably, can be converted into a diverse set of energy and bioproducts. In particular, woody bioenergy holds promise as a way of augmenting or replacing petroleum- or coal-based energy sources. However, additional research is needed to encourage widespread establishment of the woody bioenergy in this region. Research can reduce barriers across the entire supply chain, from plant genetics and production, to harvesting and logistics, to processing and marketing. However, there is a long recognized gap between knowledge creation through science, and action through application of that research into practice. In order to match research “supply” provided by researchers with research “demand” by stakeholders in industry, government, and communities, new models of linking researchers and bioenergy stakeholders are currently being tested. This chapter summarizes the findings of a social considerations study conducted with stakeholders who were invited to participate in the development of a multi-state sustainable bioenergy research proposal. The study was designed to gather information from stakeholders through an online survey and three stakeholder workshops. This information was used in developing a follow-on study, currently underway, to demonstrate stakeholder involvement and improve the quality of stakeholder interactions.
Jessica Leahy; Laura Lindenfeld. Linking Knowledge with Action: Applied Social Science Considerations to Improve Woody Bioenergy Research and Development Effectiveness. Wood-Based Energy in the Northern Forests 2013, 219 -227.
AMA StyleJessica Leahy, Laura Lindenfeld. Linking Knowledge with Action: Applied Social Science Considerations to Improve Woody Bioenergy Research and Development Effectiveness. Wood-Based Energy in the Northern Forests. 2013; ():219-227.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessica Leahy; Laura Lindenfeld. 2013. "Linking Knowledge with Action: Applied Social Science Considerations to Improve Woody Bioenergy Research and Development Effectiveness." Wood-Based Energy in the Northern Forests , no. : 219-227.
To better engage Maine's family forest landowners our study used social network analysis: a computational social science method for identifying stakeholders, evaluating models of engagement, and targeting areas for enhanced partnerships. Interviews with researchers associated with a research center were conducted to identify how social network analysis could improve knowledge transfer in the researcher–stakeholder relationship. Analysis found a large network of family forest stakeholders and organizations in Maine. We recommended that the research center use this information to enhance its role as a boundary organization, facilitating communication among researchers, stakeholders, and their organizations to better address the wicked problems facing family forests.
Erika L. Gorczyca; Patrick W. Lyons; Jessica E. Leahy; Teresa R. Johnson; Crista L. Straub. Improving Family Forest Knowledge Transfer through Social Network Analysis. Applied Environmental Education & Communication 2012, 11, 157 -164.
AMA StyleErika L. Gorczyca, Patrick W. Lyons, Jessica E. Leahy, Teresa R. Johnson, Crista L. Straub. Improving Family Forest Knowledge Transfer through Social Network Analysis. Applied Environmental Education & Communication. 2012; 11 (3-4):157-164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErika L. Gorczyca; Patrick W. Lyons; Jessica E. Leahy; Teresa R. Johnson; Crista L. Straub. 2012. "Improving Family Forest Knowledge Transfer through Social Network Analysis." Applied Environmental Education & Communication 11, no. 3-4: 157-164.
Thornton, Teresa and Jessica Leahy, 2012. Trust in Citizen Science Research: A Case Study of the Groundwater Education Through Water Evaluation & Testing Program. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 1032‐1040. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00670.x: Data collected by citizen scientists, including K‐12 students, have been validated by the scientific community through quality assurance/quality control tests and publication of results in peer‐reviewed journal articles. However, if citizen science data are to be used by local communities, research is needed to determine which factors contribute to local community member trust in citizen science data, and how to increase the benefits and use of citizen science programs. This article describes the Groundwater Education Through Water Evaluation & Testing (GET WET!) program that employs middle and high school students, state and local government employees, environmental nongovernmental organization leaders, business representatives, college faculty and students, and other volunteers as citizen scientists to create a database of groundwater quality for use as a baseline for local water resources management. Data were gathered through semi‐structured interviews pre‐ and post‐involvement from 40 participants in this citizen science program conducted in five states in the northeastern United States. Results indicate that factors of trust are largely based on interpersonal trust and familiarity. We conclude with recommendations and future research that may improve local community member willingness to trust citizen science data generated by students.
Teresa Thornton; Jessica Leahy. Trust in Citizen Science Research: A Case Study of the Groundwater Education Through Water Evaluation & Testing Program1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 2012, 48, 1032 -1040.
AMA StyleTeresa Thornton, Jessica Leahy. Trust in Citizen Science Research: A Case Study of the Groundwater Education Through Water Evaluation & Testing Program1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 2012; 48 (5):1032-1040.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeresa Thornton; Jessica Leahy. 2012. "Trust in Citizen Science Research: A Case Study of the Groundwater Education Through Water Evaluation & Testing Program1." JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 48, no. 5: 1032-1040.
A robust supply chain is critical to ensure a sustainable supply of feedstock to the existing and emerging bioenergy and bioproducts industries. Logging contractors are a key group in this process, since they provide harvesting and transportation services, and their success is directly linked to innovation activities. Surprisingly, very little is known about the innovation system in the logging industry—especially about how it relates to biomass supply. Failure to understand how logging contractors adopt and implement biomass production technologies could lead to failed innovation efforts, unmet development goals, and a lack of properly equipped contractors. This article presents results from a series of case studies of highly innovative logging contractors in Maine. All of the firms had some experience producing biomass within their operations. The firms had also used multiple biomass harvesting technologies. This study highlights the variation in challenges that led to the adoption (or rejection) of biomass as a product innovation—with particular emphasis on harvesting technologies. A major finding of this study was the need for a high degree of collaboration between landowners, logging contractors, and biomass consuming facilities in the innovation process. The future development of the biomass industry is highly dependent on contractors adopting biomass harvesting and related technologies. The innovation process of logging firms is an area that is not sufficiently studied, and this research provides valuable insight into this important component of the forest biomass industry.
Ian Joseph Stone; Jeffrey G. Benjamin; Jessica E. Leahy. Innovation Impacts on Biomass Supply in Maine's Logging Industry. Forest Products Journal 2011, 61, 579 -585.
AMA StyleIan Joseph Stone, Jeffrey G. Benjamin, Jessica E. Leahy. Innovation Impacts on Biomass Supply in Maine's Logging Industry. Forest Products Journal. 2011; 61 (7):579-585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan Joseph Stone; Jeffrey G. Benjamin; Jessica E. Leahy. 2011. "Innovation Impacts on Biomass Supply in Maine's Logging Industry." Forest Products Journal 61, no. 7: 579-585.
Social network analysis (SNA) is a social science research tool that has not been applied to educational programs. This analysis is critical to documenting the changes in social capital and networks that result from community based K-12 educational collaborations. We review SNA and show an application of this technique in a school-centered, community based environmental monitoring research (CBEMR) program. This CBEMR employs K-12 students, state and local government employees, environmental organization representatives, local businesses, colleges, and community volunteers. As citizen scientists and researchers, collaborators create a database of local groundwater quality to use as a baseline for long-term environmental health management and public education. Past studies have evaluated the reliability of data generated by students acting as scientists, but there have been few studies relating to power dynamics, social capital, and resilience in school-centered CBEMR programs. We use qualitative and quantitative data gathered from a science education program conducted in five states in the northeastern United States. SPSS and NVivo data were derived from semi-structured interviews with thirty-nine participants before and after their participation in the CBEMR. Pajek software was used to determine participant centralities and power brokers within networks. Results indicate that there were statistically significant increases in social capital and resilience in social networks after participation in the school-centered CBEMR program leading to an increased community involvement in environmental health management. Limiting factors to the CBMER were based on the educator/administration relationship.
Teresa Thornton; Jessica Leahy. Changes in Social Capital and Networks: A Study of Community-Based Environmental Management Through a School-Centered Research Program. Journal of Science Education and Technology 2011, 21, 167 -182.
AMA StyleTeresa Thornton, Jessica Leahy. Changes in Social Capital and Networks: A Study of Community-Based Environmental Management Through a School-Centered Research Program. Journal of Science Education and Technology. 2011; 21 (1):167-182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeresa Thornton; Jessica Leahy. 2011. "Changes in Social Capital and Networks: A Study of Community-Based Environmental Management Through a School-Centered Research Program." Journal of Science Education and Technology 21, no. 1: 167-182.
We present findings from an interpretive study of social capital in a natural resource management setting within the Kaskaskia River Watershed in Illinois. Forty-one semi-structured interviews with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) personnel and local community members were completed and analyzed. Findings emerged from the analysis related to the connected network of natural resource management players. This article explores the intertwined reliance among these players, the development of common community goals, and the role of the Corps in creating social capital and other benefits in the Kaskaskia River Watershed. A conceptual model provides insight into how social capital is linked between multiple entities within this context. The study findings expand on the current understanding of social capital and suggest ways researchers might approach future studies of social capital in similar settings. The findings have natural resource management implications, including ways of focusing management, increasing public involvement, and facilitating communication approaches.
Jessica E. Leahy; Dorothy H. Anderson. “Cooperation Gets It Done”: Social Capital in Natural Resources Management along the Kaskaskia River. Society & Natural Resources 2010, 23, 224 -239.
AMA StyleJessica E. Leahy, Dorothy H. Anderson. “Cooperation Gets It Done”: Social Capital in Natural Resources Management along the Kaskaskia River. Society & Natural Resources. 2010; 23 (3):224-239.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessica E. Leahy; Dorothy H. Anderson. 2010. "“Cooperation Gets It Done”: Social Capital in Natural Resources Management along the Kaskaskia River." Society & Natural Resources 23, no. 3: 224-239.
This study examined social capital development in three all-terrain vehicles (ATV) clubs in Maine using an adapted version of Lin's (2001) social capital theory model. The structural components of social capital identified included collective assets and individual assets in the form of normative behavior and trust relationships. Also identified were counter-norms for individual ATV riders identified as having divergent norms from club members. The second component of social capital is access to and mobilization of network contacts and resources. Access networks in the context of the ATV clubs studied were identified as community and landowner relations while mobilization of resources was existent in club membership attempts toward self-governance and efforts of the statewide "umbrella" organization. Instrumental outcomes benefit society and expressive outcomes benefit the individual. Both types of returns are present in the data suggesting that ATV clubs are creating social capital. This is important information to clubs who desire to market themselves, improve their reputations, and enhance their volunteer association. It is of further interest to state governments who fund clubs through trail grants as proof that a return on investment is being realized. Theoretical and applied implications for these and other types of recreation-based volunteer associations (e.g., clubs, friends groups, advocacy groups) are presented.
Marilynne Mann; Jessica Leahy. Social Capital in an Outdoor Recreation Context. Environmental Management 2009, 45, 363 -376.
AMA StyleMarilynne Mann, Jessica Leahy. Social Capital in an Outdoor Recreation Context. Environmental Management. 2009; 45 (2):363-376.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarilynne Mann; Jessica Leahy. 2009. "Social Capital in an Outdoor Recreation Context." Environmental Management 45, no. 2: 363-376.