The theoretical study of chrysanthemin (cyanidin 3-glucoside) as a pigment for TiO₂-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was performed with the GAUSSSIAN 09 simulation. The electronic spectra of neutral and anionic chrysanthemin molecules were calculated by density functional theory with B3LYP functional and DGDZVP basis set. A better energy level alignment was found for partially deprotonated molecules of chrysanthemin, with the excited photoelectron having enough energy in order to be transferred to the conduction band of TiO₂ semiconductor in DSSCs. In addition, we used the raw aqueous extracts of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyces as the source of chrysanthemin and the extracts with various pH values were tested in DSSCs. The extracts and photosensitized semiconductor layers were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, and DSSCs based on raw extracts were characterized by current density-voltage measurements.

Thin films of cadmium selenide (CdSe) were grown by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The effects of the common grain growth promoter, cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and annealing on the films were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurement techniques are used to determine the crystalline structure, surface morphology and composition of the as-deposited and annealed films. Noticeable changes in XRD patterns were observed on the annealed films. The as-deposited films of poor crystalline quality are transformed into crystalline hexagonal phase of CdSe. The annealing and CdCl2 treatment affects the grain growth, which is stronger for the CdCl2 treated samples. The optical properties of the films were investigated by optical transmittance and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The optical band gaps of the films are estimated using the optical transmittance measurements. A decrease in the band gap is observed for the annealed films with or without CdCl2 addition. Photoluminescence peak intensity due to the near band edge luminescence is found to increase with annealing and it increases pronouncedly by annealing with CdCl2 treatment. This effect can be attributed to the enhancement of the crystallinity of the films. Nevertheless, films annealing after CdCl2 treatment resulted in selenium vacancies, which display a band emission centred at 1.4 eV.