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Abdus Samie
Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

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Institute of Agricultural & Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

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Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Many farmers worldwide resort to choosing various income-earning options for diversifying their income sources as a means of risk-avoidance, social protection, and, above all, to finance agricultural operations. Non-farm income generation among farm families has become an imperative part of livelihood earning strategies in recent years amid fast-evolving climatic and sociodemographic changes. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the patterns and socioeconomic factors responsible for the uptake of various non-farm income diversification sources among agricultural households in southern Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 290 farm households were sampled using a random sampling technique to collect relevant data through structured questionnaires. Results show that approximately 79% of the surveyed farmers were involved in non-farm income generation activities, whereas, the income from these sources accounts for about 15% of total household income. The majority of the respondents offered labour for off-farm work followed by self-employment ventures. The major reason to pursue non-farm work includes low income from agriculture, mitigating risks associated with farming, and acquiring funds to finance farming operations, along with the desire to increase family income. A range of socioeconomic and infrastructure-related variables are associated with the decision to participate in specific off-farm activity, such as age, education, family size, farm income, dependency burden, farming experience, and distance to the main city. Results imply the provision of technical support to increase livelihood from farming operations to ensure food security and curb rural-urban migration. However, vocational training can enhance the rural inhabitants’ skillset to diversify on the farm through agribusiness development within rural areas, enabling them to employ local people instead of populating urban centres.

ACS Style

Muhammad Amjed Iqbal; Muhammad Rizwan; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Nazam; Abdus Samie; Nasir Nadeem. A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9084 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Amjed Iqbal, Muhammad Rizwan, Azhar Abbas, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Nazam, Abdus Samie, Nasir Nadeem. A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9084.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Amjed Iqbal; Muhammad Rizwan; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Nazam; Abdus Samie; Nasir Nadeem. 2021. "A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9084.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2021 in Agriculture
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Arable farming is an intrinsically risky enterprise. Therefore, managing risks and uncertainties in agriculture is very important as it affects all sectors of the economy of a developing country like Pakistan. To do so, a whole suite of options is available to the farming community to safeguard against any type of risk. However, farmers’ behavior of the concurrent adoption of multiple risk management tools is largely ignored in previous studies and has formed the rationale for this research. Thus, the current study is intended to investigate farmers’ decisions of adopting risk management strategies (contract farming, off-farm income diversification, and farm credit use) and to examine the impacts of a variety of factors on farmers’ risk management decisions. The present study is carried out in four districts of Punjab province, Pakistan with a focus on hybrid maize growers. A multivariate probit model is used to evaluate the impacts of independent variables on growers’ choices of adopting contract farming, off-farm income diversification, and farm credit use to manage farm risks keeping in view the potential for the concurrent adoption of these risk management strategies. Results show that 78% of farmers are risk-averse and hence ready to manage risks. The top risk faced by farmers is price risk followed by biological, climatic, and financial risks. Contract farming is the most popular strategy (61% farmers) followed by off-farm income diversification (49% farmers), and the use of farm credit (42% farmers). The findings also reveal that the decisions of adopting risk management strategies are interlinked while the adoption of one risk management tool complements farmers’ decision to adopt other risk management strategies. In addition, the risk management strategies’ adoption choices are affected by the number of factors including socioeconomic characteristics, farmers’ risk perceptions about risk sources, and their attitude towards risk. The study recommends the provision of timely information (climatic, extension) along with easy access to farm credit and the streamlining of contractual arrangements.

ACS Style

Shoaib Akhtar; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Iqbal; Muhammad Rizwan; Abdus Samie; Muhammad Faisal; Jam Sahito. What Determines the Uptake of Multiple Tools to Mitigate Agricultural Risks among Hybrid Maize Growers in Pakistan? Findings from Field-Level Data. Agriculture 2021, 11, 578 .

AMA Style

Shoaib Akhtar, Azhar Abbas, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Rizwan, Abdus Samie, Muhammad Faisal, Jam Sahito. What Determines the Uptake of Multiple Tools to Mitigate Agricultural Risks among Hybrid Maize Growers in Pakistan? Findings from Field-Level Data. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (7):578.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shoaib Akhtar; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Iqbal; Muhammad Rizwan; Abdus Samie; Muhammad Faisal; Jam Sahito. 2021. "What Determines the Uptake of Multiple Tools to Mitigate Agricultural Risks among Hybrid Maize Growers in Pakistan? Findings from Field-Level Data." Agriculture 11, no. 7: 578.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2020 in Sustainability
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Climate change is a serious threat to agriculture in many developing countries including Pakistan. Changing the pattern of climate and its extreme conditions have already led to a decline in crop productivity. However, farmers in developing countries experience risks beyond just climate change, many of which are related to policy, strategy, and factor endowments. The impact of these risks have serious implications for food security, rural livelihood, farm households’ wellbeing, and, above all, their motive to adapt to these changes in the long-term. To have an in-depth knowledge of farmers’ perceptions about the changing climate, this study investigates various aspects such as the determinants of perception about various risk sources and the relevant mitigation and adaptation options. To do so, 480 farmers from agriculture-dominated Punjab provinces were randomly selected in order for us to evaluate their awareness levels, socioeconomic dynamics that influence their perceptions, and various factors that influence their perceptions to achieve the desired findings. We applied the principle factor analysis approach to ascertain major sources and strategies based on farmers’ perception and planned/practiced options. Further, regression analysis was done to evaluate the factors influencing the perception levels of farmers about risk sources. The results showed that majority of the farmers faced various risks, and were trying to adapt crop husbandry practices towards these perceived risks. Change in agricultural policies (3.96) was placed as the highest risk source, while the need for small dams/turbine schemes was the top priority for risk management strategy (mean value of 4.39). By observing the effect of farm and farmer’s characteristics on risk sources and risk management strategies, it was revealed that these characteristics ominously provoked farmers’ perspectives about risk sources and management strategies. The findings imply the need for coherent environmental policy that encompasses price stability, community-led adaptation campaigns, and easy/uninterrupted flows of information that enables the farming community to facilitate sustainable decision processes.

ACS Style

Muhammad Iqbal; Azhar Abbas; Syed Naqvi; Muhammad Rizwan; Abdus Samie; Umar Ahmed. Drivers of Farm Households’ Perceived Risk Sources and Factors Affecting Uptake of Mitigation Strategies in Punjab Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9895 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Iqbal, Azhar Abbas, Syed Naqvi, Muhammad Rizwan, Abdus Samie, Umar Ahmed. Drivers of Farm Households’ Perceived Risk Sources and Factors Affecting Uptake of Mitigation Strategies in Punjab Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):9895.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Iqbal; Azhar Abbas; Syed Naqvi; Muhammad Rizwan; Abdus Samie; Umar Ahmed. 2020. "Drivers of Farm Households’ Perceived Risk Sources and Factors Affecting Uptake of Mitigation Strategies in Punjab Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 9895.

Research article
Published: 29 April 2020 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Land use and land cover changes (LULCC) significantly affect the climate at regional and global levels through different biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes. However, the effects of biogeophysical aspects of LULCC on climate have been often ignored, which may overestimate the biogeochemical effects on climate change. Thus, understanding the biogeophysical influence of land use changes on climate change in future potential scenarios is crucial. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the mechanism and land use change impacts on future climate under different scenarios through changes in underlying surface and surface energy balance. In order to fill this research gap, three simulations are performed by Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model for the year 2010–2030 under Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario, Rapid Economic Growth (REG) scenario, and Coordinated Environmental Sustainability (CES) scenario to evaluate the influence of future LULCC on temperature projections for the Punjab province in Pakistan. Results show that land use conversions under three scenarios induce overall climate cooling in the region. The decrease in annual average temperature in CES scenario (− 0.02 °C) is slightly greater than that in BAU and REG scenarios (− 0.01 °C). The responses of temperature to future LULCC vary in different months in all scenarios, with greater responses in warmer months, causing climate cooling. In each scenario, the response of temperature is found to be sensitive to different land transitions. The findings of the study can be a reference for policy makers, researchers, and development practitioners in their pursuit to understand the effects of land use change on climate.

ACS Style

Abdus Samie; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Masood Azeem; Sidra Hamid; Muhammad Amjed Iqbal; Shaikh Shamim Hasan; Xiangzheng Deng. Examining the impacts of future land use/land cover changes on climate in Punjab province, Pakistan: implications for environmental sustainability and economic growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 25415 -25433.

AMA Style

Abdus Samie, Azhar Abbas, Muhammad Masood Azeem, Sidra Hamid, Muhammad Amjed Iqbal, Shaikh Shamim Hasan, Xiangzheng Deng. Examining the impacts of future land use/land cover changes on climate in Punjab province, Pakistan: implications for environmental sustainability and economic growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (20):25415-25433.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdus Samie; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Masood Azeem; Sidra Hamid; Muhammad Amjed Iqbal; Shaikh Shamim Hasan; Xiangzheng Deng. 2020. "Examining the impacts of future land use/land cover changes on climate in Punjab province, Pakistan: implications for environmental sustainability and economic growth." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 20: 25415-25433.

Review
Published: 19 April 2020 in Environmental Development
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Changes in land use and ecosystem services influence each other and such changes have consequences for human wellbeing. In this paper, we review the research literature on how different types of ecosystem services are affected by LUC, and the consequences for human well-being. We begin with a review of the different types of ecosystem services. We examine the influence of LUC on provisioning ecosystem services due to mismatches between agricultural production and hydrological systems. We continue with a review of the impacts of LUC on supporting ecosystem services through the conversion of an ecosystem to cultivated land, and the resulting changes in soil properties and the hydrological balance. Next, We also discuss the regulating ecosystem services which are affected by LUC and alters water purification processes, as well as the effects on cultural ecosystem services. We conclude with a review of the valuation and quantification of the effects of LUC on the management of ecosystem services, and propose future research directions. Most of the research reveals a negative impact of LUC on ecosystem services, despite research gaps related to methods for valuing ecosystem services more accurately and for collecting social responses to the impacts of LUC on different ecosystem services.

ACS Style

Shaikh Shamim Hasan; Lin Zhen; Giashuddin Miah; Tofayel Ahamed; Abdus Samie. Impact of land use change on ecosystem services: A review. Environmental Development 2020, 34, 100527 .

AMA Style

Shaikh Shamim Hasan, Lin Zhen, Giashuddin Miah, Tofayel Ahamed, Abdus Samie. Impact of land use change on ecosystem services: A review. Environmental Development. 2020; 34 ():100527.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaikh Shamim Hasan; Lin Zhen; Giashuddin Miah; Tofayel Ahamed; Abdus Samie. 2020. "Impact of land use change on ecosystem services: A review." Environmental Development 34, no. : 100527.