Triazole pesticides are widely used to control grapevine diseases. In this study, we investigated the impact of three triazole pesticides—triadimefon, tebuconazole, and paclobutrazol—on the concentrations of wine aroma compounds. All three triazole pesticides significantly affected the ester and acid aroma components. Among them, paclobutrazol exhibited the greatest negative influence on the wine aroma quality through its effect on the ester and acid aroma substances, followed by tebuconazole and triadimefon. Qualitative and quantitative analysis by solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed that the triazole pesticides also changed the flower and fruit flavor component contents of the wines. This was attributed to changes in the yeast fermentation activity caused by the pesticide residues. The study reveals that triazole pesticides negatively impact on the volatile composition of wines with a potential undesirable effect on wine quality, underlining the desirability of stricter control by the food industry over pesticide residues in winemaking.

Ophiopogon japonicus is a commonly used Chinese medicine with multiple pharmacological effects. To increase the yield of O. japonicus, paclobutrazol is widely used during the cultivation, and residues of paclobutrazol cause undesired side effects of O. japonicus. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of paclobutrazol on O. japonicus was investigated, and the final residual amount of paclobutrazol in the plant sample was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS); cell morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The inhibitory effect of paclobutrazol on plant height and the stimulatory effect on root elongation were concentration-dependent from 0.6 to 11.3 g/L, reaching a maximum of about 28% and 67%, respectively. However, when the concentration was 22.5 g/L, these effects were significantly weakened, and the same trend was observed for the tuber root weight. Paclobutrazol caused the cell wall of O. japonicus to thicken, making the cells smaller and more densely arranged. Paclobutrazol also inhibited bacterial growth, irrespective of the concentration. Considering the residual concentration after application and the effects on growth, the application of 1.3 g/L or 2.8 g/L paclobutrazol can increase the accumulation of effective ingredients while promoting production, reducing application costs, and maximizing farmers’ profit.

Root rot is one of the most serious diseases affecting Astragalus membranaceus, significantly reducing its yield and quality. This study focused on root rot in Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus. Pathogenic fungi were isolated and identified. The pathogenicity of seven strains of pathogenic fungi was verified according to Koch’s postulates. The inhibitory effects of eight classic fungicides and nine strains of biocontrol agents on the pathogenic fungi were determined using the mycelial growth rate method. Through morphological and ITS phylogenetic analyses, strains CDF5, CDF6, and CDF7 were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, while strains CDF1, CDF2, CDF3, and CDF4 were identified as Fusarium solani. Indoor virulence tests showed that, among the eight tested fungicides, carbendazim exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of both F. oxysporum and F. solani, with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) value of (0.44 ± 0.24) mg/mL, making it a highly promising chemical agent for the control of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus root rot. Among the nine biocontrol agents, KRS006 showed the best inhibitory effect against the seven pathogenic strains, with an inhibition rate ranging from 42.57% to 55.51%, and it can be considered a candidate strain for biological control. This study identified the biocontrol strain KRS006 and the chemical fungicide carbendazim as promising core agents for the biological and chemical control of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus root rot, respectively, providing a theoretical foundation for establishing a dual biocontrol–chemical control strategy. Based on the excellent performance of the biocontrol bacteria and fungicides in the pathogen control tests, future research should focus on field trials to verify the synergistic effect of this integrated control strategy and clarify the interaction mechanism between the antibacterial metabolites produced by the biocontrol bacteria KRS006 and carbendazim. Additionally, continuous monitoring of the evolution of Fusarium spp. resistance to carbendazim is critical to ensure the long-term sustainability of the integrated control system.

In this study, the effects of various digestive models, influencing factors and dietary supplements on the bioaccessibility of tebuconazole in table grapes were compared. The Caco-2 cell model was employed to reveal the transfer behavior of tebuconazole. The results indicated that digestion time is the main factor affecting bioaccessibility. With an increase in time, the tebuconazole in grapes was almost completely dissolved, with bioaccessibility reaching 98.5%, whereas dietary fiber reduced bioaccessibility. Tebuconazole undergoes carrier-free passive transport in permeable cells in the Caco-2 cell model. These findings have practical application value for correctly evaluating the harmful level of pollutants in the matrix to human body.