For the best possible thermal-technical properties of building structures it is necessary to use materials with very low thermal conductivity. Due to the increasing thermal-technical requirements for building structures, the insulating materials are developed. One of the modern thermal insulating materials is so-called aerogel. Unfortunately, this material is not used in the field of external thermal insulation composite systems because of its price and its properties. The aim of this paper is to present possibilities of using this insulating material in the civil engineering - specifically a usage of aerogel in the production of windows.

Lightweight timber-based structures are an increasingly common part of envelopes of new buildings due to increasing requirements for their energy performance. In addition, due to the fact that wood is a sustainable material, it can be assumed that the share of these structures in civil engineering will continue to increase. The subject of this article is the thermal analysis of timber-based lightweight structures under winter conditions to expand information about thermal processes in these structures. This article deals with the lightweight timber-based external wall structures with a ventilated facade and a double-skin roof structure. Experimental temperature measurements inside the structures and ventilated air gaps are used to perform the thermal analysis. By comparing experimental and theoretical data obtained by performing numerical simulation, it was shown that for achieving an ideal match of numerical simulations and measured physical properties it is necessary to take into account not only external temperatures affecting these structures, but also other factors such as solar radiation and heat emission into the cold night sky. In the case of the external walls with ventilated facade, the benefit of a ventilated air gap has been demonstrated in relation to smaller temperature fluctuations that affect the structures.

The paper deals with the effect of thermal bonds on heat transmission of a building envelope. Then it deals with ways to include of thermal bonds in the calculation of heat loss through the building envelope and the calculation of energy efficiency of buildings. A solution of thermal bonds is very important, because it fundamentally influences the energy efficiency of the buildings. It is important to realize that building envelope comprises not only the peripheral surface structures but also thermal bonds in areas where building structures join.

The paper deals with the possibilities of using probabilistic calculation methods for the assessment of structures in building thermal technology and energetics. The subject is particularly the performance of individual probabilistic calculation methods that can be used for this purpose and their basic principles. Following are then examples of these calculations used in practice.