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Sabu Thomas
International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India

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Book chapter
Published: 25 August 2021 in Handbook of Polymer and Ceramic Nanotechnology
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This chapter initially emphasizes on various preparation methods of graphene and its structural characterization. Thereafter, fabrication techniques of graphene elastomer nanocomposites are described. Special focus has been given to the various types of elastomer-based composites. The effect of graphene and modified graphene on the mechanical properties of various elastomers has been carefully reviewed with respect to the chemical interactions associated with them. Further, their electrical properties are also thoroughly discussed in the later part of the chapter. Finally, the challenging tasks and future perspectives related to graphene-based elastomer composites are enumerated.

ACS Style

Srinivasarao Yaragalla; K. B. Bhavitha; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. Novel Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites. Handbook of Polymer and Ceramic Nanotechnology 2021, 1013 -1033.

AMA Style

Srinivasarao Yaragalla, K. B. Bhavitha, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas. Novel Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites. Handbook of Polymer and Ceramic Nanotechnology. 2021; ():1013-1033.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivasarao Yaragalla; K. B. Bhavitha; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Novel Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites." Handbook of Polymer and Ceramic Nanotechnology , no. : 1013-1033.

Journal article
Published: 25 August 2021 in Progress in Nuclear Energy
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Flexible flame-retardant neutron attenuating composites were fabricated by adding a low volume percentage of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) along with high abrasive furnace (HAF) carbon black to natural rubber (NR) using the two-roll mill mixing method. The low volume percentage of LDPE was incorporated into NR to improve hydrogen atomic density. Further, the morphological, cure behavior, mechanical, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and neutron shielding studies have been performed to study the effect of HAF loading on NR/LDPE composites. HAF loading enhanced the vulcanization kinetics of the composites. Transmission electron microscopy images show that a uniform distribution of LDPE in NR matrix has been achieved by the HAF filler addition. Furthermore, the composites with 30 phr HAF content with an average LDPE size of 0.27 μm showed 15% and 34% increase in tensile and tear strength respectively. The dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the storage modulus and polymer chain confinement of the composites have been increased with HAF filler addition. The thermal stability of the composites was improved to such an extent that they can be included in self-extinguishing material category with HAF filler loading. Total neutron macroscopic cross-section (~2 MeV energy neutrons) of 0.2 cm−1 was obtained for 30 phr HAF filled composites. On the other hand, agglomeration of fillers occurs in the case of higher filler loading resulting in decreased properties of the composites.

ACS Style

T.A. Sajith; K.M. Praveen; Sabu Thomas; Zakiah Ahmad; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Chandan Dhanani; Hanna J. Maria. Effect of HAF carbon black on curing, mechanical, thermal and neutron shielding properties of natural rubber - Low-density polyethylene composites. Progress in Nuclear Energy 2021, 141, 103940 .

AMA Style

T.A. Sajith, K.M. Praveen, Sabu Thomas, Zakiah Ahmad, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Chandan Dhanani, Hanna J. Maria. Effect of HAF carbon black on curing, mechanical, thermal and neutron shielding properties of natural rubber - Low-density polyethylene composites. Progress in Nuclear Energy. 2021; 141 ():103940.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T.A. Sajith; K.M. Praveen; Sabu Thomas; Zakiah Ahmad; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Chandan Dhanani; Hanna J. Maria. 2021. "Effect of HAF carbon black on curing, mechanical, thermal and neutron shielding properties of natural rubber - Low-density polyethylene composites." Progress in Nuclear Energy 141, no. : 103940.

Full paper
Published: 23 August 2021 in Macromolecular Symposia
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This article focuses on the investigations on mechanical and thermal properties of the epoxy/poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN)/cloisite 20A nanocomposites. The analysis is performed in two particular compositions of epoxy/SAN blends to study the effect of nanoclay addition. The compositions of blends, epoxy/5 phr SAN and epoxy/15 phr SAN, are selected based on the difference in phase separation mechanism and microstructure. An increment in tensile strength is observed for epoxy/5 phr SAN/1 wt% cloisite 20A nanocomposite. Young's modulus is increased in epoxy/15 phr SAN/cloisite 20A nanocomposites. A surge in the toughness and impact properties is observed for the nanocomposites. Beneficial increment in activation energy for thermal degradation is observed for epoxy/SAN blends and epoxy/SAN/cloisite 20A nanocomposites. The nanocomposites are suitable for high temperature applications without much compromise in the mechanical properties.

ACS Style

Anu Surendran; V. G. Geethamma; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy/Poly(Styrene‐ co ‐Acrylonitrile) (SAN)/Organoclay Nanocomposites. Macromolecular Symposia 2021, 398, 2000184 .

AMA Style

Anu Surendran, V. G. Geethamma, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy/Poly(Styrene‐ co ‐Acrylonitrile) (SAN)/Organoclay Nanocomposites. Macromolecular Symposia. 2021; 398 (1):2000184.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anu Surendran; V. G. Geethamma; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy/Poly(Styrene‐ co ‐Acrylonitrile) (SAN)/Organoclay Nanocomposites." Macromolecular Symposia 398, no. 1: 2000184.

Full paper
Published: 23 August 2021 in Macromolecular Symposia
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Blends of polypropylene (PP) and natural rubber (NR) with different loadings (1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are prepared by melt blending process. Influence of MWCNT concentration and blend ratio on the surface energy characteristics and wetting behavior of PP/NR/MWCNT nanocomposites are investigated using contact angle measurements with water and dimethyl sulfoxide. The surface energy, work of adhesion, spreading coefficient, interfacial energy, and interaction parameter are measured for all composites. It is understood that contact angle value of nanocomposites increases with the increasing MWCNT content and is attributed to the increase in hydrophobic nature of blends due to the presence of hydrophobic MWCNTs. Similar trend of variation of contact angle is found for nanocomposites with different blend ratio. The study also reveals that contact angle and wetting property of the nanocomposite increases with increase in the surface roughness of the sample. Results of contact angle studies show good agreement with the morphology of nanocomposites obtained by atomic force microscopy techniques.

ACS Style

Sharika T. Nair; Bicy K; Soney C. George; Sabu Thomas. Effect of MWCNTs on the Wetting Behavior of PP/NR Blends. Macromolecular Symposia 2021, 398, 2000214 .

AMA Style

Sharika T. Nair, Bicy K, Soney C. George, Sabu Thomas. Effect of MWCNTs on the Wetting Behavior of PP/NR Blends. Macromolecular Symposia. 2021; 398 (1):2000214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharika T. Nair; Bicy K; Soney C. George; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Effect of MWCNTs on the Wetting Behavior of PP/NR Blends." Macromolecular Symposia 398, no. 1: 2000214.

Full paper
Published: 23 August 2021 in Macromolecular Symposia
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This study focusses on reporting a facile one-step synthesis method to fabricate calcium phosphate-microcrystalline cellulose composite with an enhanced surface area. The composite preparation is done using a simple one-step method called co-precipitation method under ambient and 60 °C temperature. The calcium carbonate and orthophosphoric acid are taken, which are the two best known widely available starting materials for the synthesis of calcium phosphate. The sample is collected and taken for the drying process in an oven at 105 °C. The characterizations like XRD, SEM, BET, FTIR, TGA, and DSC of the demonstrated composites are done. From BET analysis, it can be concluded that the surface area of the demonstrated composite enhances substantially after the incorporation of the microcrystalline cellulose.

ACS Style

Meldin Mathew; Nathalie Lyczko; Ange Nzihou; Sabu Thomas. Facile One‐Step Synthesis of Calcium Phosphate/Cellulose Composite: Synthesis, Morphology, Structure and Properties. Macromolecular Symposia 2021, 398, 2000264 .

AMA Style

Meldin Mathew, Nathalie Lyczko, Ange Nzihou, Sabu Thomas. Facile One‐Step Synthesis of Calcium Phosphate/Cellulose Composite: Synthesis, Morphology, Structure and Properties. Macromolecular Symposia. 2021; 398 (1):2000264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meldin Mathew; Nathalie Lyczko; Ange Nzihou; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Facile One‐Step Synthesis of Calcium Phosphate/Cellulose Composite: Synthesis, Morphology, Structure and Properties." Macromolecular Symposia 398, no. 1: 2000264.

Full paper
Published: 23 August 2021 in Macromolecular Symposia
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Organic modification of layered double hydroxide (LDH) (hydrotalcite) is a remarkable and a very essential step in the field of fabrication of exfoliated LDH polymer nanocomposites for novel multifaceted applications. In this research work, stearic acid (SA) modification of LDH has been conducted successfully by memory effect. The modification of LDH has been confirmed by atomic force microscopic analysis, scanning electron microscopic analysis, transmission electron microscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, X-ray photo electron spectroscopic analysis, Raman spectroscopic analysis, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and thermogravimeric analysis. The basal spacing in the SA-modified LDH is found to be 5.03 nm, which is almost double the value of 18 C-C lengths in SA. This indicates the formation of a bilayer of stearate ion in the interlamellar region of LDH in the modified form. Hence, this work is novel as it paved a breakthrough for making organic-inorganic hybrid for drug delivery, gene delivery, controlled pesticide release, etc. with the prolonged delivery time as the interlayer region consisted of double the number of stearate ions in monolayer intercalated LDH.

ACS Style

Saju Daniel; Padmanabhan Alapat; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. Spectroscopic, Microscopic, X‐Ray Diffraction and Thermal Stability Studies of Stearic Acid Modified Hydrotalcite Formed through Memory Effect. Macromolecular Symposia 2021, 398, 2000277 .

AMA Style

Saju Daniel, Padmanabhan Alapat, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas. Spectroscopic, Microscopic, X‐Ray Diffraction and Thermal Stability Studies of Stearic Acid Modified Hydrotalcite Formed through Memory Effect. Macromolecular Symposia. 2021; 398 (1):2000277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saju Daniel; Padmanabhan Alapat; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Spectroscopic, Microscopic, X‐Ray Diffraction and Thermal Stability Studies of Stearic Acid Modified Hydrotalcite Formed through Memory Effect." Macromolecular Symposia 398, no. 1: 2000277.

Full paper
Published: 23 August 2021 in Macromolecular Symposia
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Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites with enhanced electrical and mechanical properties are fabricated using a hybrid filler. This study hereby reports the effect of introducing reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/ionic liquid (IL) hybrid filler on the properties of plasticized PVC. Hybrid nanostructures, if appropriately designed, are expected to combine the merits of the individual building nanomaterials. An imidazolium based ionic liquid, 1-benzyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetra fluro borate is used for the hybrid formation. The structural and morphological characterization of hybrid filler using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques confirms the successful formation of hybrid. Dielectric constant is found to be increased even by the addition of a small quantity of ionic liquid to RGO. The ionic moieties in the added ionic liquid in addition to the π bonds in the RGO are found to be responsible for the enhancement. Elongation at break is found to be increased with addition of hybrid filler due to the plasticizing action of the ionic liquid. It is clear from the investigations that ionic liquid, 1-benzyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetra fluro borate can be used as an efficient modifier for RGO.

ACS Style

Akhina Hafusa; M.R. Gopinathan Nair; Nandakumar Kalarickal; Sabu Thomas. Impact of Ionic Liquid on the Dielectric and Mechanical Performance of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) Nanocomposites. Macromolecular Symposia 2021, 398, 2000251 .

AMA Style

Akhina Hafusa, M.R. Gopinathan Nair, Nandakumar Kalarickal, Sabu Thomas. Impact of Ionic Liquid on the Dielectric and Mechanical Performance of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) Nanocomposites. Macromolecular Symposia. 2021; 398 (1):2000251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akhina Hafusa; M.R. Gopinathan Nair; Nandakumar Kalarickal; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Impact of Ionic Liquid on the Dielectric and Mechanical Performance of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) Nanocomposites." Macromolecular Symposia 398, no. 1: 2000251.

Full paper
Published: 23 August 2021 in Macromolecular Symposia
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Natural rubber (NR)/carbon nanotube/ionic liquid nanocomposite membranes, prepared by using sulfur as the crosslinking agent, are tested for their vapor permeation (VP) characteristics. The permeation studies are conducted using three solvents, pentane, hexane and heptane as aliphatic solvents and toluene as aromatic solvent. The effects of the ionic liquid loading, CNT loading, and penetrant size on the vapor permeability of the membranes are investigated. The vapor permeability of the nanocomposite is found to increase with an increase in the ionic liquid content and decreases with CNT loading. Generally, cyclohexane is produced by the catalytical hydrogenation of benzene at high temperature. It is very difficult to purify it by removing unreacted benzene due to the close boiling point of cyclohexane and benzene and their azeotropic mixture formation tendency. By using NR/CNT/IL nanocomposite membrane, VP technique is applied for the separation of benzene/cyclohexane mixtures, including azeotropic composition of the solvents. The gas permeabilities of the NR, NR/CNT3, and NR/CNT3/IL membranes are determined with nitrogen and oxygen. Among these membranes, NR/CNT3/IL shows highest permeability. Compared to nitrogen, oxygen shows higher permeability.

ACS Style

Jessy Anto Therattil; Anil Kumar S.; Laly A. Pothan; Hanna J. Maria; Nandakumar Kalarikal; Sabu Thomas. Natural Rubber/Carbon Nanotube/Ionic Liquid Composite Membranes: Vapor Permeation and Gas Permeability Properties. Macromolecular Symposia 2021, 398, 2000222 .

AMA Style

Jessy Anto Therattil, Anil Kumar S., Laly A. Pothan, Hanna J. Maria, Nandakumar Kalarikal, Sabu Thomas. Natural Rubber/Carbon Nanotube/Ionic Liquid Composite Membranes: Vapor Permeation and Gas Permeability Properties. Macromolecular Symposia. 2021; 398 (1):2000222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jessy Anto Therattil; Anil Kumar S.; Laly A. Pothan; Hanna J. Maria; Nandakumar Kalarikal; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Natural Rubber/Carbon Nanotube/Ionic Liquid Composite Membranes: Vapor Permeation and Gas Permeability Properties." Macromolecular Symposia 398, no. 1: 2000222.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2021 in Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
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Nanostructured self-assembled and high-performance epoxy/epoxidized poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) block copolymer blends with 55 mol% epoxidation degree [eSBS55]- 0,5,10 and 20 phr- 4, 4′diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) material were successfully synthesized by using solvent casting method. The role of the highest epoxidized SBS (eSBS55) as a modifier and its concentration on the effect of nanostructured morphology, viscoelastic properties, reaction induced phase separation and thermal degradation kinetics of epoxy/eSBS55system were investigated in detail. Various theoretical models such as Coats-Redfern method, Broido method and Horowitz- Metzger method were applied for the first time on epoxy/eSBS systems to calculate the thermodynamic parameters and correlate experimental results. These highly enhanced viscoelastic & thermal properties and nanoscale morphology of as synthesized novel epoxy/eSBS55 material have proved that ‘eSBS55’is an outstanding modifier to epoxy resin for creating superior high-performance properties required for various coating and structural applications such as in aircrafts, floorings, automobiles and constructions.

ACS Style

V.R. Remya; C.V. Pious; Olufemi O. Adeyemi; Sundararajan Parani; El HadjiMamour Sakho; Jose V. Rajendran; Rodney Maluleke; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas; Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi. Self-assembled nanostructured viscoelastic and thermally stable high performance epoxy based nanomaterial for aircraft and automobile applications: An experimental and theoretical modeling approach. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2021, 627, 127236 .

AMA Style

V.R. Remya, C.V. Pious, Olufemi O. Adeyemi, Sundararajan Parani, El HadjiMamour Sakho, Jose V. Rajendran, Rodney Maluleke, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi. Self-assembled nanostructured viscoelastic and thermally stable high performance epoxy based nanomaterial for aircraft and automobile applications: An experimental and theoretical modeling approach. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2021; 627 ():127236.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V.R. Remya; C.V. Pious; Olufemi O. Adeyemi; Sundararajan Parani; El HadjiMamour Sakho; Jose V. Rajendran; Rodney Maluleke; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas; Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi. 2021. "Self-assembled nanostructured viscoelastic and thermally stable high performance epoxy based nanomaterial for aircraft and automobile applications: An experimental and theoretical modeling approach." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 627, no. : 127236.

Research article
Published: 11 July 2021 in Advanced Theory and Simulations
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Nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) are a new focus in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and continue to progress upon the drawbacks of many fullerene-based electron acceptors. The aim of this work is to identify some important parameters that influence the efficiency of NF-acceptors in OPVs. These results provide an enhanced understanding of the effect of the NFAs core structure (electron rich/poor group) on the photophysical and optoelectronic properties. In addition, the effect of the small ΔLUMO value (the subtle difference in energy between LUMO+1 and LUMO orbitals of NFAs; LUMO=lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals) on ultrafast charge transfer and charge separation processes in OPVs, recently identified as a key factor for all top rated high performing NFAs, is studied. So far, ΔLUMO-based theoretical studies are limited to individual NFAs; here, for the first time, the authors have extended to the respective donor/acceptor complexes as well. Finally, based on the first-principles density functional theory calculations with the seven reported NFAs, PC 61 BM , P3HT, and the seven newly modeled donor–acceptor complexes, this study sheds light on important factors that will provide trends and guidelines for further rational design of more efficient NF-acceptors for OPVs.

ACS Style

Saju Joseph; Mahesh Kumar Ravva; Binny A Davis; Sabu Thomas; Nandakumar Kalarikkal. Theoretical Study on Understanding the Effects of Core Structure and Energy Level Tuning on Efficiency of Nonfullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells. Advanced Theory and Simulations 2021, 2100019 .

AMA Style

Saju Joseph, Mahesh Kumar Ravva, Binny A Davis, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal. Theoretical Study on Understanding the Effects of Core Structure and Energy Level Tuning on Efficiency of Nonfullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells. Advanced Theory and Simulations. 2021; ():2100019.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saju Joseph; Mahesh Kumar Ravva; Binny A Davis; Sabu Thomas; Nandakumar Kalarikkal. 2021. "Theoretical Study on Understanding the Effects of Core Structure and Energy Level Tuning on Efficiency of Nonfullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells." Advanced Theory and Simulations , no. : 2100019.

Review article
Published: 29 June 2021 in Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research
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A large amount of non-infected plastic wastes are being generated at the healthcare facilities all over the world. However, only a small fraction is recycled. Conventionally, the used plastics are either disposed in landfills or inadequately incinerated. These practices impart an adverse effect on our environment. Plastics are indispensable part of the medical sector owing to their high versatility. The outbreak of Covid-19 clearly showed the growing demand for single use plastics. Hence, completely avoiding plastics can be challenging at this point of time. Recycling of plastics is undoubtedly a solution to solve the crisis of plastic pollution. Medical plastic recycling is limited mainly due to difficulties involved in sorting or cleaning. Recycling medical plastic wastes is possible only through proper coordination between healthcare sector and recycling industries. New recycling technologies are to be adopted in a sustainable manner. Moreover, the plastics used in medical applications should be designed such that recycling is possible. This review highlights the downside of medical wastes and discusses the recycling potential of commonly used medical plastics.

ACS Style

Blessy Joseph; Jemy James; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. Recycling of medical plastics. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research 2021, 4, 199 -208.

AMA Style

Blessy Joseph, Jemy James, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas. Recycling of medical plastics. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research. 2021; 4 (3):199-208.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Blessy Joseph; Jemy James; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Recycling of medical plastics." Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research 4, no. 3: 199-208.

Article
Published: 24 June 2021 in Journal of Polymer Science
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Microporous polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite membranes are in great demand in various fields such as energy harvesting, water purification, and other industrial applications. Thin films of PP/natural rubber (NR) blend nanocomposite have been prepared by melt mixing and the membranes are made porous by extracting the NR phase from the blend. The present study gives a better insight into the nanoparticle shape and localization-tailored porous morphology of PP membrane. Thermodynamic prediction of nanofiller localization and its impact on morphology were studied. 2D clay platelets in PP matrix tune the morphology of the porous membrane into lamellar, whereas spherical nanofillers give elongated spherical pores. The localization of nanoparticles was observed using transmission electron microscope, which is also confirmed from theoretical prediction of localization of nanofillers with the help of interfacial energy and surface tension. Thermal studies reveal that nanofillers enhance the thermal stability of polymers. Mechanical studies reveal that nanoparticles improve the mechanical properties of the system. 2D platelet shaped-nanofillers enhance the mechanical strength of the polymer up to 39%, which is higher than that obtained for 3D spherical nanofillers. Nanofiller shape and localization have a great influence in deciding the properties and porosity of the membrane.

ACS Style

Kottathodi Bicy; Didier Rouxel; Marc Poncot; Isabelle Royaud; Patrice Bourson; David Chapron; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. Interfacial tuning and designer morphologies of microporous membranes based on polypropylene/natural rubber nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science 2021, 51208 .

AMA Style

Kottathodi Bicy, Didier Rouxel, Marc Poncot, Isabelle Royaud, Patrice Bourson, David Chapron, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas. Interfacial tuning and designer morphologies of microporous membranes based on polypropylene/natural rubber nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science. 2021; ():51208.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kottathodi Bicy; Didier Rouxel; Marc Poncot; Isabelle Royaud; Patrice Bourson; David Chapron; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Interfacial tuning and designer morphologies of microporous membranes based on polypropylene/natural rubber nanocomposites." Journal of Polymer Science , no. : 51208.

Chapter
Published: 22 June 2021 in Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials
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Biomaterials for anticancer drug are an important and essential topic in twenty-first-century medicine, because this type of new materials overcomes the drawbacks of current chemotherapy technique and greatly improve the quality of life of the patients. The major issue that has faced in the past and current scenario is the less or non-bioavailability and biodegradability of drug delivery even though they have high therapeutic efficacy. To address this problem, recently most of the researchers were focused to develop nanotechnology to solve the problems in drug delivery. This may provide a better solution and thus changes the way we make drug and the way we take drug. Therefore, in this chapter, we have discussed cancer, oral chemotherapy and different biomaterials for anticancer drug and their advantage over conventional anticancer drugs. This chapter will be a remarkable one for understanding the usage of different type of biomaterials for the enhancement of bioavailability of anticancer drug delivery system.

ACS Style

V. R. Remya; Jesiya Susan George; V. Prejitha; K. P. Jibin; Sabu Thomas. Biomaterials for Anticancer Drugs. Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials 2021, 133 -148.

AMA Style

V. R. Remya, Jesiya Susan George, V. Prejitha, K. P. Jibin, Sabu Thomas. Biomaterials for Anticancer Drugs. Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials. 2021; ():133-148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. R. Remya; Jesiya Susan George; V. Prejitha; K. P. Jibin; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Biomaterials for Anticancer Drugs." Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials , no. : 133-148.

Chapter
Published: 22 June 2021 in Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials
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Cancer is a fatal disease which occurs due to abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in the form of tumor. To meet the societal requirements of a proper diagnosis of cancer and effective cancer treatment, researchers put their continuous efforts using cutting-edge technology to develop novel cancer theragnostics. Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of medicine through point-of-care cancer diagnosis and site-specific drug delivery for treating cancer. The use of nanoparticles as drug carriers might improve the therapeutic efficacy by means of targeted drug delivery. This chapter presents an overview of recent developments in nanoparticles-based cancer therapeutics. Various multifunctional nanoparticles that are developed for effective cancer therapy are illustrated with suitable examples. Moreover, the FDA- or EMA-approved nanomedicines and other approval awaiting (under clinical trials) nanomedicines for cancer therapy are elaborated.

ACS Style

Saravanan Krishnan; Blessy Joseph; Jemy James; Sabu Thomas. Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapeutics. Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials 2021, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Saravanan Krishnan, Blessy Joseph, Jemy James, Sabu Thomas. Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapeutics. Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials. 2021; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saravanan Krishnan; Blessy Joseph; Jemy James; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapeutics." Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials , no. : 1-20.

Original paper
Published: 19 June 2021 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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In situ measurements of aerosol particle chemistry and cloud microphysics made during the Cloud–Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) in 2015 over the Western Ghats and its rain shadow region are presented in this study. The high ratio of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to large sized aerosol (above 0.1 µm) concentrations indicates Aitken mode aerosols as the major contributor towards the observed CCN. Morphology and chemical composition of airborne aerosol samples collected from different altitudes and the warm cloud layers indicated distinct particle chemistry on the dry and wet days. The majority of the particles sampled were heterogeneous and internally mixed with two or more aerosol species indicating multiple sources and atmospheric aging, even during the wet days. Si-rich particles (up to 73%) were the dominant species in samples collected during dry days when the shallow clouds with narrow drop size distribution were observed. A higher concentration of Na-rich particles (up to 50%) was observed on wet days when the clouds were majorly multiple layers of stratus, which had broader cloud droplet spectra. Internally mixed carbonaceous and iron/cobalt-rich aerosols from local pollution sources were found on both wet and dry days suggesting boundary layer venting of aerosols. Large droplets were observed near the cloud base over the Western Ghats compared to those formed over the rain shadow region.

ACS Style

Mercy Varghese; Jerry Jose; A. S. Anu; P. Murugavel; E. A. Resmi; Sudarsan Bera; Sabu Thomas; Mahen Konwar; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Thara V. Prabha. Cloud and aerosol characteristics during dry and wet days of southwest monsoon over the rain shadow region of Western Ghats, India. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2021, 133, 1299 -1316.

AMA Style

Mercy Varghese, Jerry Jose, A. S. Anu, P. Murugavel, E. A. Resmi, Sudarsan Bera, Sabu Thomas, Mahen Konwar, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Thara V. Prabha. Cloud and aerosol characteristics during dry and wet days of southwest monsoon over the rain shadow region of Western Ghats, India. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2021; 133 (4):1299-1316.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mercy Varghese; Jerry Jose; A. S. Anu; P. Murugavel; E. A. Resmi; Sudarsan Bera; Sabu Thomas; Mahen Konwar; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Thara V. Prabha. 2021. "Cloud and aerosol characteristics during dry and wet days of southwest monsoon over the rain shadow region of Western Ghats, India." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 133, no. 4: 1299-1316.

Research article
Published: 14 June 2021 in International Journal of Polymer Science
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Vitrimeric materials have emerged as fascinating and sustainable materials owing to their malleability, reprocessability, and recyclability. Sustainable vitrimeric materials can be prepared by reinforcing polymeric matrix with bioderived fillers. In the current work, a sustainable vitrimer is prepared by incorporating biomass-derived activated carbon (AC) filler into the epoxy matrix to achieve enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. Thus, prepared biocomposite vitrimers demonstrate a lower-temperature self-healing (70°C for 5 min) via disulfide exchanges, compared to the pristine epoxy vitrimers (80°C for 5 min). Significantly, the self-healing performances have been studied extensively with the flexural studies; and changes in material healing efficiency have been demonstrated based on the observed changes in modulus.

ACS Style

Balaji Krishnakumar; Debajyoti Bose; Manjeet Singh; R. V. Siva Prasanna Sanka; Velidi V. S. S. Gurunadh; Shailey Singhal; Vijay Parthasarthy; Liberata Guadagno; Poornima Vijayan P; Sabu Thomas; Sravendra Rana. Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Activated Carbon- (AC-) Epoxy Vitrimer Biocomposite: Thermomechanical and Self-Healing Performance. International Journal of Polymer Science 2021, 2021, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Balaji Krishnakumar, Debajyoti Bose, Manjeet Singh, R. V. Siva Prasanna Sanka, Velidi V. S. S. Gurunadh, Shailey Singhal, Vijay Parthasarthy, Liberata Guadagno, Poornima Vijayan P, Sabu Thomas, Sravendra Rana. Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Activated Carbon- (AC-) Epoxy Vitrimer Biocomposite: Thermomechanical and Self-Healing Performance. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2021; 2021 ():1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Balaji Krishnakumar; Debajyoti Bose; Manjeet Singh; R. V. Siva Prasanna Sanka; Velidi V. S. S. Gurunadh; Shailey Singhal; Vijay Parthasarthy; Liberata Guadagno; Poornima Vijayan P; Sabu Thomas; Sravendra Rana. 2021. "Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Activated Carbon- (AC-) Epoxy Vitrimer Biocomposite: Thermomechanical and Self-Healing Performance." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021, no. : 1-7.

Review
Published: 14 June 2021 in Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences
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Smart electronic materials ‘nanographene’ stated, its significant authentication has undergone massive improvements and has emerged as a ‘material of the century’ in materialize fields of ‘Chemical Biology’ and ‘Materials Chemistry’. ‘Graphene’ as a wonder material has been proposed to possess a high surface area (∼2600 m2 g−1), high portability of charge carriers and excellent mechanical qualities. Moreover, the long-extend π-conjugation of graphene is an essential photocatalytic property enabling wide ranging biosensor activities. Herein, critical review article reflects well known yet a brand-new novel material ‘nanographene’ and its versatile integrations, utilized for substantial enrichment of desired properties. Target cost-effectiveness, plasticity, and environment-friendliness of melt mixing/compounding fabrication strategy employed to utilize in-vivo, in-vitro, and in- situ, pharmaceutical, nano-imaging protocols. Owing to nanographene’s wide range expansion, summarized latest breakthroughs in Materials Science as well as Biomedical utilizations including cancer nanotechnology, drug delivery, tissue manufacturing, scaffold, photo-thermal therapy, antimicrobial activities, made up of exploring the significant opportunities and key challenges in this novel emerging field.

ACS Style

Kaushik Pal; Nidhi Asthana; Alaa A Aljabali; Sheetal K. Bhardwaj; Samo Kralj; Anastasia Penkova; Sabu Thomas; Tean Zaheer; Fernando Gomes de Souza. A critical review on multifunctional smart materials ‘nanographene’ emerging avenue: nano-imaging and biosensor applications. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 2021, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Kaushik Pal, Nidhi Asthana, Alaa A Aljabali, Sheetal K. Bhardwaj, Samo Kralj, Anastasia Penkova, Sabu Thomas, Tean Zaheer, Fernando Gomes de Souza. A critical review on multifunctional smart materials ‘nanographene’ emerging avenue: nano-imaging and biosensor applications. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences. 2021; ():1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kaushik Pal; Nidhi Asthana; Alaa A Aljabali; Sheetal K. Bhardwaj; Samo Kralj; Anastasia Penkova; Sabu Thomas; Tean Zaheer; Fernando Gomes de Souza. 2021. "A critical review on multifunctional smart materials ‘nanographene’ emerging avenue: nano-imaging and biosensor applications." Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences , no. : 1-17.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2021 in Nanomaterials
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The superior mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) play a significant role in the improvement of the mechanical and thermal stability of an epoxy matrix. However, the agglomeration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the epoxy is a common challenge and should be resolved to achieve the desired enhancement effect. The present paper investigated the thermal, mechanical, and water uptake properties of epoxy nanocomposites with surfactant-modified MWCNTs. The nanocomposites were prepared through the incorporation of different weight concentrations of MWCNTs into the epoxy matrix. Comparative analysis of neat epoxy and epoxy/CNT nanocomposites were conducted through thermal, mechanical, microscopic, and water uptake tests to reveal the improvement mechanism. The homogenous distribution of the CNTs in the epoxy was achieved by wrapping the surfactant onto the CNTs. The addition of surfactant-modified CNTs into the epoxy caused an obvious increase in the mechanical and thermal properties. This improvement mechanism could be attributed to the uniform dispersion of the CNTs in the epoxy matrix reducing the free volume between the polymer chains and restricting the chain segmental mobility, leading to strong interfacial bonding and an efficient load transfer capability between the CNTs and the epoxy matrix. However, the mechanical and thermal properties of the epoxy/CNT nanocomposite decreased owing to the agglomeration effect when the concentration of the CNTs exceeded the optimal percentage of 1.5%. Additionally, the CNTs could impart a reduction in the wettability of the surface of the epoxy/CNT nanocomposite, leading to the increase in the contact angle and a reduction in the water uptake, which was significant to improve the durability of the epoxy. Moreover, the higher weight concentration (2%) of the CNTs showed a greater water uptake owing to agglomeration, which may cause the formation of plenty of microcracks and microvoids in the nanocomposite.

ACS Style

Arya Uthaman; Hiran Lal; Chenggao Li; Guijun Xian; Sabu Thomas. Mechanical and Water Uptake Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites with Surfactant-Modified Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1234 .

AMA Style

Arya Uthaman, Hiran Lal, Chenggao Li, Guijun Xian, Sabu Thomas. Mechanical and Water Uptake Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites with Surfactant-Modified Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (5):1234.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arya Uthaman; Hiran Lal; Chenggao Li; Guijun Xian; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Mechanical and Water Uptake Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites with Surfactant-Modified Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5: 1234.

Research article
Published: 30 April 2021 in Polymers for Advanced Technologies
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The current report addresses the rheological and viscoelastic properties of poly (trimethylene terephthalate)/polyethylene blend system containing multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The alliance of MWCNT into the blend system raises both the modulus and the dynamic viscosity. The thermophysical properties of blend nanocomposites exhibit a lower threshold percolation particularly in comparison to nanocomposites PTT/MWCNT. The dynamic mechanical properties of nanocomposites were also enhanced by adding MWCNT and the higher storage modulus value of nanocomposites explains their reasonable load—bearing capacity by inserting MWCNT. Reinforcing efficiency factor, degree of entanglement density, coefficient of effectiveness, and volume of the constrained region of blend nanocomposites are studied and 90PTT/10PE/3CNT has shown maximum entanglement density value and reinforcement efficiency factor. Different theoretical models were used to predict the storage modulus of blend nanocomposites and among them, the Takayanagi model established fine concurrence with the experimental results.

ACS Style

Aswathi Madathinal Kunjappan; Arunima Reghunadhan; Ajitha A. Ramachandran; Lovely Mathew; Moothetty Padmanabhan; David Laroze; Sabu Thomas. Discussion on degree of entanglement, chain confinement, and reinforcement efficiency factor of PTT / PE blend nanocomposite embedded with MWCNTs. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Aswathi Madathinal Kunjappan, Arunima Reghunadhan, Ajitha A. Ramachandran, Lovely Mathew, Moothetty Padmanabhan, David Laroze, Sabu Thomas. Discussion on degree of entanglement, chain confinement, and reinforcement efficiency factor of PTT / PE blend nanocomposite embedded with MWCNTs. Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aswathi Madathinal Kunjappan; Arunima Reghunadhan; Ajitha A. Ramachandran; Lovely Mathew; Moothetty Padmanabhan; David Laroze; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Discussion on degree of entanglement, chain confinement, and reinforcement efficiency factor of PTT / PE blend nanocomposite embedded with MWCNTs." Polymers for Advanced Technologies , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2021 in Nanomaterials
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Nanomaterials have engaged response from the scientific world in recent decades due to their exceptional physical and chemical properties counter to their bulk. They have been widely used in a polymer matrix to improve mechanical, thermal, barrier, electronic and chemical properties. In rubber nanocomposites, nanofillers dispersion and the interfacial adhesion between polymer and fillers influences the composites factual properties. In the present work, a comparison of the hybrid effects of carbon black with two different nanofillers (graphene oxide and nanoclay) was studied. The 70/30 composition of chlorobutyl rubber/natural rubber elastomer blend was taken as per the blend composition optimized from our previous studies. The hybrid effects of graphene oxide and nanoclay in dispersing the nanofillers were studied mainly by analyzing nanocomposite barrier properties. The results confirm that the combined effect of carbon black with graphene oxide and nanoclay could create hybrid effects in decreasing the gas permeability. The prepared nanocomposites which partially replace the expensive chlorobutyl rubber can be used for tyre inner liner application. Additionally, the reduction in the amount of carbon black in the nanocomposite can be an added advantage of considering the environmental and economic factors.

ACS Style

Jibin Keloth Paduvilan; Prajitha Velayudhan; Ashin Amanulla; Hanna Joseph Maria; Allisson Saiter-Fourcin; Sabu Thomas. Assessment of Graphene Oxide and Nanoclay Based Hybrid Filler in Chlorobutyl-Natural Rubber Blend for Advanced Gas Barrier Applications. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1098 .

AMA Style

Jibin Keloth Paduvilan, Prajitha Velayudhan, Ashin Amanulla, Hanna Joseph Maria, Allisson Saiter-Fourcin, Sabu Thomas. Assessment of Graphene Oxide and Nanoclay Based Hybrid Filler in Chlorobutyl-Natural Rubber Blend for Advanced Gas Barrier Applications. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (5):1098.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jibin Keloth Paduvilan; Prajitha Velayudhan; Ashin Amanulla; Hanna Joseph Maria; Allisson Saiter-Fourcin; Sabu Thomas. 2021. "Assessment of Graphene Oxide and Nanoclay Based Hybrid Filler in Chlorobutyl-Natural Rubber Blend for Advanced Gas Barrier Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5: 1098.