Clinical mastitis (CM) is an important production disease in dairy cows, but much of the knowledge required to effectively control CM is lacking, specifically in low-income countries where most farms are small and have specific dairy management, such as regular udder cleaning and practicing hand milking. Therefore, we conducted a 6-month-long cohort study to (a) estimate the incidence rate of clinical mastitis (IRCM) at the cow and quarter level, (b) identify risk factors for the occurrence of CM, (c) describe the etiology of CM, and (d) quantify antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) against commonly used antimicrobial agents in S. aureus and non-aureus Staphylococcus spp. (NAS) in dairy farms in the Chattogram region of Bangladesh. On 24 farms, all cows were monitored for CM during a 6-month period. Cases of CM were identified by trained farmers and milk samples were collected aseptically before administering any antimicrobial therapy. In total, 1383 lactating cows were enrolled, which totaled 446 cow-years at risk. During the study period, 196 new cases of CM occurred, resulting in an estimated crude IRCM of 43.9 cases per 100 cow-years, though this varied substantially between farms. Among the tested CM quarter samples, Streptococci (22.9%) followed by non-aureus staphylococci (20.3%) were the most frequently isolated pathogens and resistance of S. aureus and NAS against penicillin (2 out of 3 and 27 out of 39 isolates, respectively) and oxacillin (2 out of 3 and 38 out of 39 isolates, respectively) was common. The IRCM was associated with a high milk yield, 28 to 90 days in milk, and a higher body condition score. Our results show that there is substantial room for udder health improvement on most farms.

The Veterinary Evidence journal. Publication of the RCVS Knowledge

Bangladesh is an agro‐based country where goat rearing plays a pivotal role in supporting rural livelihoods because of its relatively low investment requirements and high profitability. However, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) remains a major threat to goat health and productivity. This study investigated the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of PPR in goats presented at the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) of Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) and in surrounding areas of the Chattogram Metropolitan Area (CMA). A descriptive study was conducted to determine the proportionate prevalence of PPR, assess the frequency of clinical signs, evaluate therapeutic practices, and identify potential risk factors associated with its occurrence. Data from 922 clinically diagnosed PPR cases were retrieved from the TVH database for descriptive analysis. In a separate investigation, 138 suspected PPR cases, including 50 cases at TVH and 88 from diverse sources, were examined clinically and tested using serological and molecular methods. Blood samples were analyzed to determine seropositivity and assess hematological changes, while nasal swabs were subjected to molecular diagnosis. The prevalence of PPR was 21.3%–28.7% based on the descriptive analysis and 21.7% based on molecular testing. The most frequently observed combination of clinical signs was nasal discharge, stomatitis, and diarrhea, which occurred in 17.5% of the cases; sulfadimidine (70.4%) was the most commonly used antimicrobial to treat PPR. Hematological analysis indicated alterations in lymphocyte and neutrophil counts among affected goats. Multivariable analysis revealed that the rainy season, intensive/semi‐intensive rearing systems, Black Bengal breed, and cachectic body condition were significantly associated with an increased risk of disease occurrence. In contrast, sex, body weight, and age showed no significant association. This study highlights the clinical patterns, prevalence, and hematological changes associated with PPR in goats in Chattogram, emphasizing the importance of early detection and targeted control measures to reduce the impact on small ruminant health and rural livelihoods.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical threat to both human and animal health, with indiscriminate and excessive antibiotic use in livestock and captive wildlife contributing to its rapid emergence. This case report describes a clinical case of treatment failure due to multidrug-resistant bacteria in a captive tiger (Panthera tigris) at Chattogram Zoo, Bangladesh. An adult tiger was injured in a fight, leading to a wound on the shoulder region. Initial treatment with flucloxacillin (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly [IM], for 13 days) failed to yield improvement. Subsequent bacteriological culture and antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) testing revealed flucloxacillin resistance. The animal was then treated sequentially with cefazolin (20 mg/kg IM, 13 days) and ciprofloxacin (15 mg/kg IM, 12 days), both of which were identified as susceptible in vitro; however, neither resulted in clinical recovery. The administration of linezolid (600 mg orally, every 12 hours for 15 days) led to complete wound healing. This case highlights the clinical challenges posed by AMR in captive wild animals and underscores the necessity of prompt culture-guided therapy and prudent antibiotic use in zoological settings.