Phenolics compounds in grapes contribute to berry and must color, organoleptic properties, nutritional value, antioxidant properties and provide protection against environmental challenges. Climate change has place mammoth challenges for the viticulture industry in different viticulture regions. Environmental variables determine to the greater extent, suitable grapes varieties for fresh as well as premium quality wine production. Grape berry composition is particularly affected by heat, drought, and intensity of solar irradiation. It is expected that climatic extremes will have an adverse effect on berry quality traits such as phenolic compounds in different grape cultivars. Polyphenols particularly anthocyanins decrease at elevated temperature, similarly flavanols levels increase with better exposure to solar radiation. Water availability is crucial for better vine growth and good production, however modest water stress particularly near veraison, upregulates the activity of key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways. Therefore, it is important to know that how and when phenolic substance accumulate in berries and how various cultivars respond. This review elaborates the effect of weather conditions on biosynthesis of different phenolic compounds in grapes. Berry phenolic substances e.g., total phenolic compounds (TPC), total anthocyanins (TAC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) synthesis is strongly regulated under the influence of environmental conditions during growing season. In this chapter we, shall focus on accumulation of phenolic compounds in grapevine in relation to climatic variations.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of micronutrients, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B) and a commercial fritted micronutrient product called Zarzameen, on the yield and the yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), in the Peshawar valley, Pakistan. Different combinations of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, B, and Zarzameen were applied at the rate of 4.0, 2.0, 5.0, 2.0, 1.0 kg ha− 1 and 1.0 kg ha− 1, respectively, along with a basal dose of 100 kg ha− 1 nitrogen (N), 75 kg ha− 1 phosphorus (P) and 50 kg ha− 1 potassium (K). The fertilizer treatments (macro- and micronutrients) increased wheat dry matter, grain yield, and straw yield significantly over an unfertilized control. Soil tests for B and Zn were increased both at boot and harvesting stage, and Fe at boot stage, with the addition of micronutrients. Plants without B had showed classical B deficiency symptoms at grain formation stage, but not at vegetative stage. Boron concentration in the dry matter of wheat pla...

Grasses are of great importance for sustainable food production in different ecosystems. Leaf anatomical studies of grasses are the indicator for adaptation of grasses in different areas of the world. The present research study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of leaf anatomical adaptations in different grass species from Faisalabad region in Pakistan. Thicker epidermis in Paspaledium flavidium, Setaria pumila and Eleusine indica is the adaptation to survive under water stressed environments such as drought and salinity. Larger cortical cell area in Setaria verticillate, Digitaria sanguinalis and Eleusine indica is a sign of their wide distribution in a variety of environmental conditions. Eragrostis tenella and Desmostachya bipinnata with significantly larger vascular bundle is the better adaption to a variety of environments. Different species of grasses showed variable responses in their anatomical characters. These variations help to evaluate the adaptation of grasses in varying climatic conditions and their ability to tolerate abiotic stress (i.e., drought and salinity) which are common in this region in natural habitats of grasses.