Theobromine is one of the alkaloid compounds that can be found in cacao (Theobroma cacao). It is said that theobromine can prevent enamel demineralization. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different exposure times to 200 mg/L theobromine gel on enamel microhardness after demineralization in 1% citric acid. Twenty-eight specimens of human premolar teeth were divided into four groups and were immersed in 1% citric acid (pH 4) for 2.5 minutes. Then 200 mg/L theobromine gel was exposed to the specimens for 16 minutes (n = 7), 48 minutes (n = 7), and 96 minutes (n = 7). Enamel microhardness (KHN) values were tested using the Knoop Microhardness Tester (Shimadzu, Japan) using a 50-gram load for 5 seconds. A statistical test was performed using the Friedman test, Wilcoxon test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Mann–Whitney test. The results showed a significant decrease, of microhardness values after demineralization with 1% citric acid. There was also a significant increase in hardness (p<0.05) after exposure of the demineralized specimens to theobromine gel for 16 minutes (32.3%), 48 minutes (39.8%), and 96 minutes (43.7%). It can be concluded that exposure to 200 mg/L theobromine gel for 16, 48, and 96 minutes increased enamel microhardness.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the curing time of a light emitting diode (LED) curing unit on the diametral tensile strength of packable composite resin with 1 second–3 seconds from an ultra high intensity LED (Flash Max, intensity 4000 mW/cm²) and 20 seconds from a conventional LED (Ledmax 450, intensity 450 mW/cm²). We used an universal testing machine and the results showed a diametral tensile strength of 31.19 ± 6.84 MPa; 42.91 ± 8.26 MPa; and 52.53 ± 7.52 MPa. The result of an independent t-test was statistically significant (p < 0.05). We concluded the curing time of an ultra high intensity LED curing unit influences the diametral tensile strength of packable composite resin

Theobromine can be used to prevent the demineralization of enamel and can stimulate the growth of new enamels. This study analyzes the effect of theobromine's gel duration exposure on enamel hardness resistance from 1% citric acid. Twenty-eight specimens were divided into three experimental groups; were exposed to theobromine gel 200 mg/l for 16, 48, and 96 minutes; and were then immersed in 1% citric acid. The control group was only immersed in 1% citric acid. Results: A Wilcoxon test showed a significant increase and decrease in enamel microhardness after exposure to theobromine gel and citric acid (p < 0.05). A Mann-Whitney test showed a significant increase and decrease in enamel microhardness between different durations of exposure to theobromine gel and immersion in citric acid (p < 0.05). The application of theobromine gel 200mg/L increased enamel microhardness but did not contribute to the enamel's hardness resistance after immersion in 1% citric acid. The duration of theobromine gel application affected enamel microhardness and acid resistance.

This study aimed to determine the effect of immersion time on the surface roughness of Giomer Bulk-Fill composite resin and on the pH value of artificial saliva. Sixty-three specimens were divided into nine groups and immersed in artificial saliva with pH values of 7, 5.5, and 4.5 for 1 hour, 24 hours, and 72 hours at 37 °C. The changes in artificial saliva pH were measured using a pH meter and the surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester. Longer immersion time increases the pH of artificial saliva and the surface roughness of Giomer Bulk-Fill composite resin.