Background: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) poses a major health threat to older adults, pregnant women, and high-risk populations. We systematically evaluated the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of three FDA-approved RSV vaccines: Arexvy, Abrysvo, and mResvia.Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA, and Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) up to March 2025. Of 1,250 identified records, 24 studies (14 RCTs, 7 observational, 3 post-marketing) met inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB tool and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. PROSPERO registration: CRD420250651132.Results: Included studies enrolled over 50,000 participants across North America, Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Arexvy reduced RSV-related hospitalizations in older adults by 60–65% (95% CI: 56–66%); Abrysvo showed 58–63% efficacy in older adults and 68–72% protection against infant RSV hospitalization via maternal immunization. mResvia demonstrated 55–58% efficacy against RSV illness. All vaccines induced 5–7-fold increases in neutralizing antibody titers, with responses sustained for up to 12 months. Safety profiles were favorable: local injection site pain occurred in ~23–29%, systemic symptoms in 7–11%, and serious adverse events in <1%. No new safety concerns were identified in post-marketing surveillance.Conclusion: FDA-approved RSV vaccines provide robust protection against RSV in high-risk populations, with sustained immunogenicity and acceptable safety. While findings are promising, generalizability to underserved regions remains limited, and long-term effectiveness data are still emerging. Continued real-world monitoring and head-to-head comparisons are needed to inform global immunization strategies.Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/, identifier CRD420250651132.

This study was aimed at determining the prevalence estimate and association of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) with ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSH & RC) in the western region of Saudi Arabia. A retrospective study was conducted at the blood bank center of KFSH and RC from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2019. Data on ABO and Rh blood group testing, serological testing, molecular investigations, serological assays, nucleic acid testing (NATs), and socio-demographic information were gathered. During the study period, there were 959,431 blood donors at the KFSH and RC. The overall 7-year cumulative prevalence estimate of blood transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors was low at 7.93%, with an average prevalence estimate of 0.66%. Donors with the O blood group, the O RhD +ve blood group, in particular, were more at risk of developing TTIs, whereas donors with the AB blood group, the AB RhD −ve blood group, in particular, were at the lowest risk of developing TTIs. In total, 96.9% of the blood donors were males (n = 916,567). Almost half of the blood donors belong to the O blood group (49.4%). A total of 861,279 (91.0%) donors were found to be RhD positive. The percentages of TTIs were found to be higher in RhD +ve donors compared with RhD −ve donors. The prevalence estimate of the hemoglobin C (HbC) infection was the most common TTI among the blood donors being 3.97%, followed by malaria being 2.21%. The least prevalence estimate of TTI in the present study was for NAT HIV being 0.02%. Significant associations were observed between RhD +ve and RhD −ve among the malaria-infected donors (A: χ² = 26.618, p = 0.001; AB: χ² = 23.540, p = 0.001; B: χ² = 5.419, p = 0.020; O: χ² = 68.701, p = 0.001). The current 7-year retrospective study showed a low level of TTIs among blood donors. However, we urge that more research encompassing the entire country be conducted in order to obtain more representative results in terms of the prevalence estimate and association of transfusion-transmitted infections with ABO and Rh blood groups in communities.

Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are worldwide public health issues. Since Saudi Arabia is growing more accessible to the outside world, it is critical to analyze the general population's knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission modes and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS infected people, and the level of HIV/AIDS awareness. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission modes and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS infected people, as well as the level of HIV/AIDS awareness among the general population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Methods: The current online community-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among the general population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using a self-administrated electronic questionnaire between October 2017 and February 2018. A score <3 was considered a negative response. In contrast, scores of 3 and 4 were considered positive responses. The sum score of each outcome was evaluated according to Bloom's cutoff point. The scores for knowledge and attitude were transformed into mean percentage scores by dividing the sum scores obtained by the respondents by the number of items multiplied by 100. Consequently, the overall mean percentage of scores for each category of knowledge and attitude at 60% and above was considered a good level, whereas <60% was deemed a poor level.Results: A total of 2,081 subjects residing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia participated in this survey. The mean score of the participant's responses to knowledge items on HIV/AIDS transmission modes was 84.2 ± 15.8%. The mean score of the participant's responses to attitude items toward HIV/AIDS infected people was 50.1 ± 49.9%. The mean score of the participant's responses to attitude items toward the level of HIV/AIDS awareness in Saudi Arabia was 55.7 ± 3.6%. Many socio-demographic variables were significantly associated with mean scores of knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission modes, mean scores of attitude toward HIV/AIDS infected people, and mean scores of attitude toward the level of HIV/AIDS awareness (P-value ≤ 0.05). The Spearman rank correlation explained significant negative linear correlations between knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission modes-attitudes toward HIV/AIDS infected people and knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission modes-attitudes toward the level of HIV/AIDS awareness of r = −0.040 and r = −0.070, respectively (P-value ≤ 0.05). Otherwise, there was a positive linear correlation between attitudes toward HIV/AIDS infected people-attitudes toward the level of HIV/AIDS awareness (r = 0.080, P-value = 0.072).Conclusions: The study showed that a high percentage of the respondents had good knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission modes. However, a low rate of the study respondents had positive attitudes toward HIV/AIDS infected people and the level of HIV/AIDS awareness among the general population in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, there is a dire need for advocacy campaigns and policies to help reduce HIV stigmatization levels.

BACKGROUND: The number of reports of menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccination in the Saudi population is still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of the COVID-19 vaccine(Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Moderna) on the menstrual cycle among females in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) from August 2021 to February 2022. Data was collected through a previously validated online questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 2338 participants who received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine participated in this study; 1606 (68.7%) of them received the second dose in addition to the first. The mean age of the study participants was 35.4±9.5 years. No significant associations were found between the type of COVID-19 vaccine and the impact on the menstrual cycle, either for the first or second dose (P-values > 0.05). A significant association was found only between the first dose vaccination day and the impact on the menstrual cycle in the second question of “After receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, your next period was” (P-value ≤ 0.05). Significant associations were found between the second dose vaccination day and the impact on the menstrual cycle in the first and second questions of “After receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, your next period was”, and “After receiving the first dose, your next period was," respectively (P-values ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study found a potential association between the COVID-19 vaccine and menstrual cycle irregularities, which could impact females' quality of life.

Acinetobacter baumannii is pathogen of global concern. It causes infection, especially among immunocompromised individuals in intensive care units, due to its ability to survive for long periods on hard surfaces and under a wide range of environmental conditions and become resistant to almost all the available antibiotics used in clinical practice. Objectives: This study aims to address the gap in A. baumannii surveillance in Saudi Arabia by tracking the prevalence, patterns, and trends of acquired A. baumannii resistance at a healthcare facility in the western part of Saudi Arabia over eleven years. Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in the western region of Saudi Arabia, from January 2013 to December 2023. Results: Our data indicated that A. baumannii infections were predominantly observed in inpatients admitted to the hospital (96%) compared to those treated as outpatients in the emergency clinic (4%). The mean of annual A. baumannii infections isolated from inpatients is 503.3, whereas the mean for outpatients is 21, indicating a statistically significant difference with a p-value of <0.0001. The analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of A. baumannii demonstrated a variable levels of resistance to the evaluated antibiotics. The lowest resistance rate was for colistin. Conclusions: In conclusion, the incidence patterns of A. baumannii isolates peaked in 2013, then declined, and have recently shown an increase, underscoring the necessity for proactive interventions to curtail its dissemination, notwithstanding initial decreases in infection rates and resistance.

In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Saudi Arabia have imposed timely restrictions to minimize the infection spread, lower the risk for vulnerable groups, and reduce the pressure on healthcare services. The effectiveness of these measures has not been assessed comprehensively and, thereby, remains uncertain. Besides monitoring the number of COVID-19 cases diagnosed by molecular assays, the seroprevalence can serve as an indicator for the incidence rate among the general population. This study aimed to evaluate seroprevalence status of all healthy blood donors who attended one of the main largest hospital located in the western region of Saudi Arabia from 1 January to 31 May 2020. The study period covered two months prior to reporting the first COVID-19 case in the country on 2 March 2020. Importantly, it covered the period when “lock-down type” measures have been enforced. Samples were subjected to in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), and microneutralization (MN). The sero statuses of all samples were confirmed negative, demonstrating the lack of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among blood donors during COVID-19 lockdown period. This study supports the hypothesis that COVID-19 restrictions have potential for limiting the extent of the infection.