Tuberculosis is the second most fatal infectious disease; each year, it causes millions of deaths worldwide. Although several anti-TB drugs are currently available, the problem with these drugs is that they require a prolonged duration of treatment, with high drug doses. In addition, patient non-adherence to therapy subsequently leads to the development of multidrug-resistant and ex-tensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Therefore, we need to develop an effective and robust nano-carrier-based drug delivery system to overcome these issues and improve the therapeutic potential of drug dose/duration and patient compliance. This review article focuses on the cur-rently available various nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches, including lipid nanopar-ticles, polymeric particles, carbon nanotubes, glucan, and alginate-based nano-carrier systems for effective anti-TB drug delivery to host macrophage for mycobacterium killing. Finally, we also present some promising recent nanotechnology-based mycobacterial detection systems us-ing silver nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, and magnet-ic barcode assay that have recently emerged as the latest diagnostic tool. Functionalized nano-materials for emerging Aggregation-induced photodynamic therapy as next-generation theranostics have also been discussed as a novel option for TB diagnosis and therapy.

In this era of globalization, there is a need for green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs), which should lessen the tremendous energy consumption, the utilization of toxic compounds, and time, which can help save the environment from hazardous effects. Green synthesis attempts to utilize products from natural agents like plants and fungi because of their profound availability of bio compounds. The NPs derived from them exhibit anticancer, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and immunomodulatory properties because of their unique physical and chemical properties. These extraordinary properties make them promising agents in medicine and agriculture areas. The review has targeted the mush-room-derived NPs and bioactive compounds, including the nutritional content of mushrooms with their multipurpose properties, followed by encapsulation and delivery of the biotherapeutics. These NPs have found significant applications in advancing industrial and biomedical ventures. A complete understanding of the synthesis mechanism will help optimize the synthesis protocols and con-trol the shape and size of NPs.

Tuberculosis (TB), attributable to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), constitutes a formidable global health challenge, particularly with the proliferation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The efficacious clearance of M.tb from host cells is imperative for mitigating infection and averting disease progression. Autophagy, an intricate cellular mechanism for degrading and recycling biomolecules, plays a pivotal role in the immune response to M.tb by facilitating the degradation of intracellular pathogens through the formation of autophagosomes and their subsequent fusion with lysosomes. This study elucidates the therapeutic efficacy of DYDGP microparticles in M.tb-infected macrophages. DCFHDA staining elucidated that DYDGP significantly enhances macrophage membrane integrity and amplifies reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared to YDGP, even in the presence of NOX-2 inhibitors. Furthermore, DYDGP promotes the biogenesis of acidic vesicular organelles and phago-lysosomal maturation, as corroborated by acridine orange and Lysotracker Red staining. Immunofluorescence and dansylcadaverine staining evidenced that DYDGP enhances autophagy induction and LC3 puncta formation in infected macrophages at both 30 min and 24 h. Protein expression analyses demonstrated elevated levels of NOX-2 and LC3, confirming autophagy induction. Antimycobacterial efficacy assessments revealed that DYDGP treatment engendered significant reductions in colony-forming units (CFUs) for H37Rv (64, 40, 19), MDR32420 (44, 35, 18), MDR32422 (44, 39, 21), and MDR32521 (38, 22, 18) at 30 min, 24 h, and 48 h, respectively. These findings accentuate DYDGP's potential to substantially attenuate M.tb burden, including in MDR strains, thereby positioning it as a promising adjunctive therapy for augmenting tuberculosis treatment.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that is a significant cause of illness worldwide and has been declared one of the top ten causes of mortality across the world. It is well known that bacteria within biofilms exhibit much higher drug resistance than individual cells. Biofilms constitute a significant threat in the clinical environment by acting as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Thus, the formation of biofilms has been postulated to further aid in drug insensitivity and bacterial persistence within host tissues. The rapid increase in drug resistance in Mycobacteria poses a significant challenge to TB eradication and needs to be addressed soon. In this review, we have attempted to frame a general overview of mycobacterial pathogenesis, the role of biofilm formation in enhancing its shelf life, and some natural compounds and nanoparticles as emerging novel therapeutics reported to inhibit biofilm formation in mycobacteria. Therefore, we present some recent advances which might have potential applications in new treatment regimens for Tuberculosis.