Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium are a common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can lead to tubal factor infertility (TFI). TFI is one of the most common causes of infertility, accounting for 30% of female fertility problems. STIs can also have an impact on pregnancy, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Escalating antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium represents a significant problem and can be therapeutically challenging. We present a comprehensive review of the current treatment options, as well as the molecular approach to this subject. We have given special attention to molecular epidemiology, molecular diagnostics, current and new treatments, and drug resistance.

A complete gonadal dysgenesis (CGD) with 46,XY karyotype is known as the Swyer syndrome and belongs to the group of 46,XY differences of sex development (DSD). The main problem in patients with Swyer syndrome is the delayed puberty and primary amenorrhea. Moreover, intrabdominal dysgenetic gonads in the patient with genetic material of a Y chromosome may conduce to the development of gonadal tumors, such as gonadoblastoma or germinoma. The management of such patients is based on preventive excision of dysgenetic gonads and long-term hormonal replacement therapy. Sporadic cases are considered more common than familial cases. This paper presents two siblings with Swyer syndrome in whom gonadoblastoma was found. A thorough review of familial CGD with 46,XY DSD in the literature from the last 15 years suggests that the risk of gonadal tumors could be increased in familial compared to sporadic cases (66.6% vs. 15–45%, respectively).

Introduction: Currently, progesterone is notably absent from conventional feminizing hormone therapies for transgender women. Anecdotal reports indicate the potential for health advantages following the incorporation of progesterone into treatment regimens. The primarily female hormone, progesterone naturally surges in women during the menstrual luteal phase. When administered exogenously, it may expedite bodily changes that are pivotal for gender transition. Progesterone holds promise as a potential remedy for various health conditions prevalent in the transgender woman population. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes existing literature and presents a comprehensive account of the administration of exogenous progesterone in transgender women. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate databases. The following keywords were used in the search: progesterone, transgender, breast neoplasms, lactation, prostate, testicular neoplasms, and thrombosis. These terms were combined using Boolean operators. The results of the initial search were screened by three independent reviewers based on their relevance to the topic under study. Results: A total of 104 studies were initially identified as meeting the criteria for inclusion. Following an assessment based on the contents of the title, abstract, and full text, 39 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion. A critical examination of health outcomes was conducted across key sections, including breast development, mental health, lactation, cancer risk (breast and prostate), thrombosis, and nervous and other systems. Discussion: The use of progesterone in the transgender woman population is a topic that has yet to be sufficiently researched. The limited sample size, short follow-up periods, and lack of randomization restrict the potential for achieving a robust scientific evidence base. In order to gain a fuller understanding of this topic, findings from studies on contraception, hormone replacement therapy, and animal models were considered. Conclusions: Progesterone may have a beneficial effect on the bodies of transgender women without significant adverse health effects. Further investigation through well-designed studies is recommended. Randomized controlled trials that include various dosages, broad and long-term effects, and precise demographics are needed. There is an immediate need for more knowledge to create appropriate patent and clinical practice guidelines.

Background/Objectives: Embryo implantation is a highly regulated, multistep process requiring precise synchronization between a developmentally competent blastocyst and a receptive endometrium. Despite advances in reproductive medicine, implantation failure remains a major limiting factor in assisted reproductive technology (ART), particularly in cases of recurrent implantation failure (RIF). This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the molecular, cellular, and immunological mechanisms governing embryo–endometrial interaction and to evaluate contemporary strategies for optimizing implantation outcomes. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes the current literature on embryo implantation, including studies addressing uterine receptivity, etiological factors contributing to implantation failure, and emerging diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The review integrates findings from molecular biology, clinical ART practices, and bioengineering-based models. Key areas include transcriptomic tools such as endometrial receptivity analysis, time-lapse imaging, artificial-intelligence-based embryo selection, and advanced in vitro models (e.g., microfluidic “womb-on-a-chip” systems and three-dimensional embryo–endometrial platforms). The literature was identified through major biomedical databases, following a structured but non-systematic approach. Results: Implantation success is dependent on a complex interplay of hormonal regulation, gene expression, immune modulation, and embryo quality. Disruption of uterine receptivity during the window of implantation is a critical contributor to infertility and RIF. Multiple factors—including genetic abnormalities, maternal age, lifestyle influences, immunological imbalance, uterine pathology, and chronic endometrial conditions—are implicated in implantation failure. Emerging technologies, such as AI-assisted embryo selection, transcriptomic profiling, and advanced in vitro implantation models, provide enhanced insight into implantation dynamics and offer potential for improved clinical outcomes. Conclusions: Advances in understanding embryo implantation and the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic technologies hold significant promise for improving reproductive success. However, further research, validation, and standardization are required before these approaches can be fully integrated into routine clinical practice. A more personalized and mechanism-based approach to implantation may ultimately enhance ART outcomes and reduce the burden of infertility.

Embryo implantation is a highly regulated, multistep process requiring precise synchronization between a developmentally competent blastocyst and a receptive endometrium. This article outlines the fundamental stages of implantation (apposition, adhesion, and invasion) and highlights the molecular, cellular, and immunological mechanisms underlying successful embryo–endometrial interaction. Uterine receptivity, occurring during the temporally restricted window of implantation, is governed by hormonal regulation and coordinated gene expression, and its disruption represents a key factor in infertility and recurrent implantation failure (RIF). The article further examines the multifactorial etiology of implantation failure, including genetic abnormalities, maternal age, lifestyle influences, immunological imbalance, uterine pathology, and chronic endometrial conditions. Current and emerging therapeutic strategies in assisted reproductive technology (ART) are critically reviewed, with emphasis on their efficacy and limitations. In addition, the paper explores innovative technologies aimed at improving implantation outcomes, including time-lapse imaging, artificial intelligence-based embryo selection, and transcriptomic tools such as endometrial receptivity analysis. Advanced experimental models, particularly microfluidic “womb-on-a-chip” systems and three-dimensional in vitro embryo–endometrial platforms, are highlighted as transformative tools for studying implantation dynamics and enabling personalized therapeutic approaches. Collectively, these advances offer promising avenues for improving reproductive outcomes, although further research and standardization are required to translate these innovations into routine clinical practice.

Background/Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. It is associated with an increased risk of somatic and mental health problems. The prevalence of binge eating disorder (BED) in women with PCOS is higher than in the healthy population. The co-occurrence of PCOS and BED increases the risk of negative health outcomes and may worsen patient compliance. For both groups of disorders, specific personality traits have been described in the literature. The aim of this study was to assess temperament and character in PCOS women with and without BED, in search of specific personality traits that may distinguish PCOS patients with a higher predisposition to BED. Methods: 128 women diagnosed with PCOS according to the modified Rotterdam criteria were included in the study. All completed the Temperament and Character Inventory by R.C. Cloninger (TCI). The collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: The PCOS–BED subgroup was characterized by specific personality traits in comparison with PCOS subgroup: statistically significantly higher scores of harm-avoidance dimensions (in anticipatory worry, shyness, and fatigability subscales) and statistically significantly lower scores of persistence and self-directedness dimensions (in purposeful, resourcefulness, self-acceptance, and enlightened second nature subscales). Conclusions: PCOS–BED women have certain personality traits. Screening PCOS patients for the presence of certain personality traits could identify those at risk. PCOS–BED women may be at higher risk of health problems and treatment failure and may require a different therapeutic approach to treatment, including psychotherapeutic interventions.