Poultry and poultry products are the common sources of Salmonella,which is one of the serious food‐borne bacterial diseases in humans. Little is known about the status of Salmonella and their antimicrobial susceptibility in poultry farms in Addis Ababa. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates and to investigate possible risk factors for the occurrence of Salmonella in poultry farms in Addis Ababa. We recruited 58 poultry farms, from which 471 poultry‐related samples and 44 stool samples from in‐contact humans were collected. The isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion assay. The farm‐level prevalence of Salmonella was 36.2% and the sample‐level prevalence was 6.4% for samples taken from poultry farms and 4.5% in human stool samples who have contact with poultry. On‐farm waste disposal practices and chicken being purchased from different multiplication farms were significantly associated with Salmonella positivity of the farms (p < 0.05). Eleven (34.4%) Salmonella isolates were resistant to streptomycin, and nine (28.1%) were resistant to tetracycline. Thirteen (40.6%) Salmonella isolates were resistant to two or more antimicrobials tested in this study, whereas resistance to 3 or more antimicrobials was detected in seven (21.9%) isolates. In conclusion, a high prevalence of Salmonella and a high rate of resistance to multiple antimicrobials were detected in poultry farms in Addis Ababa. Hence, implementation of strong biosecurity measures and rational use of antimicrobials are recommended.

Land surface temperature (LST) is becoming a serious environmental issue, since it is an essential controller of city climate. Currently, addressing this challenge in urban planning has gained worldwide importance. The study aims to analyze the effect of land cover dynamics on LST using geographic information system and remote sensing techniques. In this study, Landsat 7 ETM+ (2002) and Landsat 8 TIRS (2022) data were used. The LST was retrieved from Landsat datasets. The correlation analyses were conducted on LST, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). The findings suggested that there was a negative correlation between LST and the NDVI, while a positive correlation existed with the NDBI. Moreover, NDBI was found to be a better predictor of LST than NDVI. Additionally, it was revealed that the proportion of dense and sparse vegetation cover was reduced from 24.14 km2 (17.47%) in 2002 to 18.17 km2 (13.15%) in 2022. Similarly, the average LST increased from 28.25 to 31.78°C. This indicated that the rapid growth of urban development was the primary factor behind the rise in LST. Therefore, it was deemed crucial to create a smart urban land use plan to mitigate the impacts of microclimate change.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public and animal health. Escherichia coli is considered an indicator organism for monitoring AMR among gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae in humans and animals. The current study aims to assess the antibiogram profile of E. coli isolated from dairy cattle and in-contact humans in central Ethiopia and to identify risk factors associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 58 farms were recruited from selected districts of central Ethiopia. E. coli was isolated using standard bacteriological techniques. A total of 200 representative isolates (140 from cattle and 60 from humans in contact) were randomly selected and tested for susceptibility to a panel of 13 antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay. Results: The highest rate of resistance was observed for sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim (58.6%, 82/140) and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (70.0%, 42/60) among E. coli isolates from cattle and hmans, respectively. In contrast, resistance rates in isolates from in contact humans with the cattle were 30%, 33.3%, and 66.7%, respectively. Resistance to tetracycline (p=0.02), streptomycin (p=0.03), and sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim (p=0.007) was significantly high in E. coli isolated from cattle on commercial dairy farms than in those isolated from cattle on smallholder farms. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in the rate of resistance between E. coli isolated from in contact humans with smallholder and commercial dairy farms. Antimicrobial use for treatment purpose (p=0.04) and non-compliance with the drug withdrawal period (p=0.03) were significantly associated with the farm-level occurrence of MDR. Conclusion: A high rate of resistance was detected in E. coli isolated from the feces of dairy cattle and in-contact humans. This necessitates an effective intervention through a one-health approach and further molecular studies are required to establish source attribution.

Despite the wide availability of poultry farms in Addis Ababa, limited information is available on the status ofSalmonellain poultry eggs from both farms and retail stores, as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility ofSalmonellain raw chicken eggs and stool samples from humans in contact with poultry in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to July 2023. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect 392 pooled egg samples (two eggs per sample) and 48 stool samples from humans in contact with poultry, across 55 farms and 44 retail shops. Standard bacteriological methods were employed to isolate and identifySalmonella, and presumptive isolates were confirmed by PCR. The susceptibility of the isolates to 12 antimicrobials was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence ofSalmonellain eggs was 7.1% (28/392), with the highest prevalence observed in egg shells 21.4% (21/196). MostSalmonellaisolates were recovered from eggs sampled at farms 8.2% (16/196). NoSalmonellawas detected in stool samples from humans in contact with poultry. Farms that did not clean dirty eggs, those with poor handwashing practices before handling eggs, or that did not separate cracked eggs were significantly associated withSalmonellapositivity (p<0.05). Among the 28Salmonellaisolates, 53.6% (15/28) and 46.6% (13/28) were resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline, respectively and multidrug resistance to 3 or more antimicrobials was recorded in 8(28.6%) of Salmonella isolates. The presence of antimicrobial-resistantSalmonellain chicken eggs is an indicative of significant public health concern. Raising public awareness about antimicrobial resistantSalmonellaand implementing appropriate food safety measures are essential to reduce the risk of zoonotic salmonellosis.

The misuse of antimicrobials in food-producing animals plays a major role in the development of antimicrobial resistance and residues, posing a serious health challenge in developing nations like Ethiopia. This research aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) status of livestock farmers with respect to antimicrobial use (AMU), antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial residues. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to June 2023. We determined the KAP of livestock farmers of the two selected zones of Oromia (n = 570). The KAP of livestock farmers was assessed using a pre-tested questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Eighteen items were used to assess livestock farmers’ KAP. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between different predictor variables and the KAP scores of the participants. The result showed that 55.5% of the farmers were from Buno Bedele zone and 44.5% were from Ilubabor zone. The results showed that 78% of farmers used antimicrobials in the last 6 months for different purposes. Antibiotics (64%) and anthelminthic (36%) were the most widely used antimicrobials to treat livestock diseases. Most farmers (79.5%) lacked knowledge about AMU, AMR and antimicrobial residue, while 84.3% had a negative attitude about AMU, AMR and antimicrobial residue. Similarly, 78.0% of the livestock farmers were found to be practicing improperly about AMU, AMR and antimicrobial residue. All questions evaluating the KAP of livestock farmers showed a significant association (p < 0.05) with their respective KAP categories. Educational level of livestock farmers was correlated to their attitudes (OR = 2.47) and practices (OR = 4.77) regarding AMU, AMR, and antimicrobial residues. The experience in animal rearing are also positively correlated with their knowledge (OR = 1.55) and practices regarding AMU, AMR and antimicrobial residues. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that farmers in the study area have poor knowledge, negative attitudes, and bad practices about AMU, AMR, and antimicrobial residues. Therefore, enhancing farmers’ awareness is essential to minimize the irrational use of antimicrobials, thereby decreasing the occurrence of AMR.