Objective: Genetic polymorphisms in ACE and ACE2 genes are involved in the RAS regulation of blood pressure and their activity may confer susceptibility to hypertension. In addition, they may play a role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the severity of COVID-19. This study aims to determine the effect of genetic variations in the ACE (rs4331) and ACE2 (rs2074192) genes with hypertension comorbidity on the severity of COVID-19 in the Indonesian population. Result: 186 patients were enrolled and assigned into the COVID-19 group (n = 95) and non-COVID-19 group (n = 91) in this cross-sectional study. GG genotype frequency was dominant in ACE gene, but there were no significant differences between the groups (p = 0.163). The two groups had a significant difference (p = 0.000) for the CC genotype frequency (0,37 vs. 0.01) in the ACE2 gene. The proportion of women with COVID-19 is higher (51%), but men with hypertension had more severe symptoms (44%). Men with hypertension comorbidity, GG (ACE), and TT (ACE2) genotypes tended to have moderate-to-severe symptoms (25%). Similarly, women with hypertension as well as GG and CT genotypes tended to have moderate-to-severe symptoms (21%). We conclude that hypertension and mutations in the ACE (rs4331) and ACE2 (rs2074192) genes affect the severity of COVID-19.

Background: Suppression of the renin-angiotensin system by SARS-CoV-2 binding changes the balance between ACE and ACE2, which affects blood pressure regulation. The ACE gene polymorphisms in intron 16 are associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with hypertension. Objective: This study analyzed the ACE gene polymorphism distribution and determined the probability of infection and severity of hypertension in COVID-19 patients. Methods: One hundred and six adult subjects were involved in this cross-sectional study, comprising 95 COVID-19 subjects and 91 non-COVID-19 subjects from two parts of Indonesia in 2021, i.e. Palu City, Central Celebes, and Lahat District, South Sumatra, DNAs extracted from whole blood were analyzed for I/D polymorphisms by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Results: Distribution of ACE genotypes were found as follows; II (53%), ID (38%), and DD (9%). The percentage of hypertension and the severity of COVID-19 in the Palu population were higher than those in Lahat District, i.e., 44% vs. 14% and 80% vs. 46%, respectively. Although there was no significant association between the I/D genotypes and susceptibility or severity of COVID-19 (p> 0.05), it appeared that subjects with hypertension and dyspnea symptoms were five times more susceptible to a moderate-severe symptom that required hospitalization and was associated with a fivefold increase in the risk of dyspnea symptoms that required hospitalization. However, comorbid hypertension was associated with moderate to severe COVID-19 (p=0.007). Conclusion: It can be assumed that in our studied population, ACE gene I/D polymorphisms and hypertension are not associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the presence of comorbid hypertension is a risk factor for more severe COVID-19.

Antidotes drug is indicated in intoxication or poisoning patients, in addition to the antidote drugs, it can also be used as an appropriate therapeutic indication of his own medicine. The high increasing number of the antidote drug used every year in inpatient instalation Undata hospital, for exmple atropine, N-acetylcysteine and pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Therefore, this study aims to determine the percentage of drug use of antidote category indicated as an antidote therapy in Undata hospitals Central Sulawesi Province period 2016-2018. This is a descriptive study with retrospective approach and using purposive sampling techniques.The results showed that the sample size was 75 patients, with the percentage of drug use as antidotes category in Undata Hospital Central Sulawesi province period 2016-2018, namely pyridoxine (vitamin B6) of 49.33%, N-acetylcysteine drug of 42.66% and the atropine drug of 8%. The use of antidotes drug category are indicated as an antidote to the poisoning therapy drugs obtained 0%. It can be concluded that there is no antidote drug category that used as an antidote therapy on patients with drug poisoning in inpatient instalation Undata hospital Central Sulawesi Province Period 2016-2018.

Antidotes drug is indicated in intoxication or poisoning patients, in addition to the antidote drugs, it can also be used as an appropriate therapeutic indication of his own medicine. The high increasing number of the antidote drug used every year in inpatient instalation Undata hospital, for exmple atropine, N-acetylcysteine and pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Therefore, this study aims to determine the percentage of drug use of antidote category indicated as an antidote therapy in Undata hospitals Central Sulawesi Province period 2016-2018. This is a descriptive study with retrospective approach and using purposive sampling techniques.The results showed that the sample size was 75 patients, with the percentage of drug use as antidotes category in Undata Hospital Central Sulawesi province period 2016-2018, namely pyridoxine (vitamin B6) of 49.33%, N-acetylcysteine drug of 42.66% and the atropine drug of 8%. The use of antidotes drug category are indicated as an antidote to the poisoning therapy drugs obtained 0%. It can be concluded that there is no antidote drug category that used as an antidote therapy on patients with drug poisoning in inpatient instalation Undata hospital Central Sulawesi Province Period 2016-2018.

Masyarakat lanjut usia memiliki risiko tinggi terhadap penggunaan obat pereda nyeri yang tidak tepat serta gangguan metabolik yang dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup. Permasalahan tersebut ditemukan pada kelompok pos pelayanan terpadu lansia Ar-Rahman Palu yang menunjukkan tingginya konsumsi obat pereda nyeri secara mandiri dan kurangnya pemeriksaan kesehatan rutin. Kegiatan ini bertujuan menyosialisasikan penggunaan obat pereda nyeri yang aman dan rasional serta melakukan skrining kadar asam urat sebagai upaya deteksi dini. Metode pelaksanaan berupa sosialisasi materi, diskusi kelompok, dan pemeriksaan kadar asam urat. Kegiatan diikuti oleh tujuh puluh enam peserta lansia. Sosialisasi memberikan penjelasan mengenai penyebab nyeri, penggunaan obat pereda nyeri yang sesuai indikasi, risiko efek samping, serta cara mengendalikan nyeri dengan pendekatan non-obat. Hasil skrining menunjukkan mayoritas peserta memiliki kadar asam urat di luar batas normal. Kegiatan ini menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan lansia mengenai penggunaan obat pereda nyeri masih rendah dan pemeriksaan kesehatan sederhana berperan dalam mengidentifikasi risiko metabolik. Kesimpulannya, sosialisasi dan skrining kesehatan pada lansia di pos pelayanan terpadu Ar-Rahman Palu dapat meningkatkan pemahaman mengenai penggunaan obat secara aman sekaligus mendeteksi risiko penyakit yang membutuhkan tindak lanjut. Program ini disarankan dilakukan secara berkelanjutan melalui kerja sama dengan tenaga kesehatan setempat agar manfaatnya dapat dipertahankan.