Air pollution, especially in large cities around the world, is associated with serious problems both with people’s health and the environment. Over the past few years, there has been a particularly intensive demand for alternatives to fossil fuels, because when they are burned, substances that pollute the environment are released. In addition to the smoke from fuels burned for heating and harmful emissions that industrial installations release, the exhaust emissions of vehicles create a large share of the fossil fuel pollution. Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are derived from resources other than fossil fuels. Because alcoholic fuels have several physical and propellant properties similar to those of gasoline, they can be considered as one of the alternative fuels. Alcoholic fuels or alcohol-blended fuels may be used in gasoline engines to reduce exhaust emissions. This study aimed to develop a gasoline engine model to predict the influence of different types of alcohol-blended fuels on performance and emissions. For the purpose of this study, the AVL Boost software was used to analyse characteristics of the gasoline engine when operating with different mixtures of ethanol, methanol, butanol, and gasoline (by volume). Results obtained from different fuel blends showed that when alcohol blends were used, brake power decreased and the brake specific fuel consumption increased compared to when using gasoline, and CO and HC concentrations decreased as the fuel blends percentage increased.

During the last years, concerns regarding climate change, decline of energy security, and hydrocarbon reserves have resulted in a wide interest in renewable alternative sources for transportation fuels. Methanol and ethanol have been possible candidates as alternative fuels for the internal combustion engines because they are liquid and have several physical and combustion properties which resemble those of gasoline. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop the one-dimensional model of a gasoline engine for predicting the effect of various fuel types on engine performances, specific fuel consumption, and emissions. Commercial software AVL BOOST was used to examine the engine characteristics for different blends of methanol, ethanol, and gasoline (by volume). A comparison was made between the results gained from the engine simulation of different fuel blends and those of gasoline. They show that when blended fuel was used, the engine brake power decreased and the BSFC increased compared to those of gasoline fuel. When blended fuel increases, the CO and HC emissions decrease, and there is a major increase in NOx emissions when blended fuel increases up to 30% M30 (E30). Increase in the percentage of ethanol and methanol leads to a significant increase in NOx emissions.

Propanol isomers, which are oxygen-rich fuels, possess superior octane ratings and energy density in comparison to methanol and ethanol. Recently, due to advancements in fermentation techniques, these propanol isomers have garnered increased interest as additives for engines. They are being explored to decrease emissions and reduce the usage of conventional fossil fuels. This study delves into this emerging field. One of the alternatives is the use of alcohol fuels in their pure state or as additives to traditional fuels. Alcohols, due to their higher volumetric energy density, are better fuels for spark ignition engines than hydrogen and biogas. Alcohol-blended fuels or alcohol fuels in their pure state may be used in gasoline engines to reduce exhaust emissions. The current research emphasizes the effect of isopropanol gasoline blends on the performance and emissions characteristics of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. This investigation was conducted with different blends of isopropanol and gasoline (by volume: 10% isopropanol [IP10], 20% isopropanol [IP10], 30% isopropanol [IP30], 40% isopropanol [IP40], and 50% isopropanol [IP50]). The reviewed results showed that with increasing isopropanol in the fuel blends, engine brake power increased while BSFC decreased. In terms of emissions, with the increase in isopropanol in the fuel blends, CO and HC emissions decreased while CO₂ and NOx emissions increased.

As global energy consumption grows and environmental concerns intensify, the demand for alternative fuels is becoming increasingly significant. This study investigates the properties and effects of isopropanol when added to gasoline as an alternative fuel. The overall analysis focusing on engine performance and emissions shows the impact of isopropanol as a fuel additive. From the results, an improvement in engine efficiency was observed due to isopropanol’s high-octane number and improved combustion characteristics when added. There are also disadvantages associated with increased fuel consumption due to the lower energy density. Emissions analysis shows that there is a reduction in hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions with the addition of isopropanol, although with different trends depending on the concentration. The results of the study present the complex relationship between fuel composition and engine performance, offering insights into the possibility of using isopropanol as an alternative fuel in the search for sustainable energy solutions. The results showed that for this engine, it is most effective to add isopropanol in the range of 5–15%, relative to which emissions are prioritized to be reduced. The lower energy density of isopropanol reduces the overall energy density, which increases fuel consumption to achieve efficiency over gasoline-only operation.

The report reflects the results of an experimental study of the influence of the tension of the unloading valve spring on the hydraulic characteristics of electromagnetic nozzles. The research was done on a CMX6000X universal diesel fuel system test bench. An electromagnetic nozzle of the first-generation Common Rail - BOSCH CRI1 was chosen as the object of the study. It was found that with an increase in the tension of the spring of the unloading valve in all test modes, a decrease in the amount of fuel per cycle was observed. The rate of change of the amount of fuel per cycle for the individual test modes is different in the individual parts of the size range of the adjusting shim. The optimal thickness of the adjusting shim for the spring tension of the unloading valve for the tested nozzle is from 1.60 mm to 1.70 mm.