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This study sought to examine the variations of internal and external load measures in soccer players when performing different types of 4 vs. 4 small-sided games (SSGs). Ten U-23 professional and sub-elite soccer players, eight outfield players (age: 20.1 ± 1.5 years old; height: 1.83 ± 0.04 m; total body mass: 76.1 ± 3.6 kg) and two goalkeepers (GK) (age: 20.5 ± 2.1 years old; height: 1.91 ± 0.04 m; total body mass: 77.0 ± 1.4 kg) participated in the study. Five SSGs were performed with 3 min duration and 3 min rest interval. SSG1, SSG2 and SSG4 aimed for ball possession play, while in SSG3 and SSG5, two GK were added, defending regular-size goals. The pitch size changed from SSG1 (16 × 24 m) to SSG2 and SSG3 (both 20 × 30 m) and SSG4 and SSG5 (both 24 × 36 m). All players were monitored using WIMU Pro device during the tasks. Anova One-Way and the post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference were used for analysis of statistically significant differences (p< 0.05) and effect sizes were determined by calculating partial eta-squared. The framework was associated with relevant but steady state internal load fatigue and induce a considerable external load stimulus. GK participation in SSGs should be carefully considered as it seems to have a greater impact on physical load measures when compared to the pitch size manipulation.
Fernando J. Santos; Carlos E. L. Verardi; Mayra Grava de Moraes; Dalton M. Pessôa Filho; Anderson G. Macedo; Teresa P. Figueiredo; Cátia C. Ferreira; Ricardo P. Borba; Mário C. Espada. Effects of Pitch Size and Goalkeeper Participation on Physical Load Measures during Small-Sided Games in Sub-Elite Professional Soccer Players. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 8024 .
AMA StyleFernando J. Santos, Carlos E. L. Verardi, Mayra Grava de Moraes, Dalton M. Pessôa Filho, Anderson G. Macedo, Teresa P. Figueiredo, Cátia C. Ferreira, Ricardo P. Borba, Mário C. Espada. Effects of Pitch Size and Goalkeeper Participation on Physical Load Measures during Small-Sided Games in Sub-Elite Professional Soccer Players. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (17):8024.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando J. Santos; Carlos E. L. Verardi; Mayra Grava de Moraes; Dalton M. Pessôa Filho; Anderson G. Macedo; Teresa P. Figueiredo; Cátia C. Ferreira; Ricardo P. Borba; Mário C. Espada. 2021. "Effects of Pitch Size and Goalkeeper Participation on Physical Load Measures during Small-Sided Games in Sub-Elite Professional Soccer Players." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17: 8024.
This study sought to evaluate the training load in different age category soccer players associated with distinct pitch size small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-four soccer players (eight in each age category: U-12, U-15, and U-23) performed three consecutive 4 vs. 4 ball possession SSGs (SSG1: 16 × 24 m; SSG2: 20 × 30 m; and SSG3: 24 × 36 m) all with 3 min duration and 3 min rest. Subjects carried ultra-wideband-based position-tracking system devices (WIMU PRO, RealTrack System). Total distance covered increased from SSG1 to SSG3 in all age categories and predominantly in running speeds below 12 km·h−1. Moreover, distance covered in 12–18 km·h−1 running speed was different in all performed SSGs and age categories. Residual or null values were observed at 18–21 km·h−1 or above running speed, namely in U-12, the only age category where metabolic power and high metabolic load distance differences occurred throughout the performed SSGs. Edwards’ TRIMP differences between age categories was only observed in SSG2 (U-12 < U-15). The design of SSGs must consider that the training load of the players differs according to their age category and metabolic assessment should be considered in parallel to external load evaluation in SSGs. Wearable technology represents a fundamental support in soccer.
Fernando Santos; Teresa Figueiredo; Dalton Filho; Carlos Verardi; Anderson Macedo; Cátia Ferreira; Mário Espada. Training Load in Different Age Category Soccer Players and Relationship to Different Pitch Size Small-Sided Games. Sensors 2021, 21, 5220 .
AMA StyleFernando Santos, Teresa Figueiredo, Dalton Filho, Carlos Verardi, Anderson Macedo, Cátia Ferreira, Mário Espada. Training Load in Different Age Category Soccer Players and Relationship to Different Pitch Size Small-Sided Games. Sensors. 2021; 21 (15):5220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando Santos; Teresa Figueiredo; Dalton Filho; Carlos Verardi; Anderson Macedo; Cátia Ferreira; Mário Espada. 2021. "Training Load in Different Age Category Soccer Players and Relationship to Different Pitch Size Small-Sided Games." Sensors 21, no. 15: 5220.
Objective The purpose of this study was to present the reliability of three validated measures, namely the System of Analysis of Instruction in Competition, the Questionnaire on Coach Instructional Behavior Expectations, and the Questionnaire on Coach Instructional Behavior Perception that could be used in a mix-method approach. Methods Three instruments underwent a robust process of construct and reliability analysis. Inter− and intra-observer reliability was tested for the observational instrument using Cohen’s k-agreement measure. Reliability values above 0.85 were considered as a good agreement between and within observers. To verify the internal consistency of the questionnaires, the correlation coefficients were considered. Results The results related to intra-observer and inter-observer reliability showed that intra-observer reliability k-agreement values ranged between 0.912 and 1 for observer 1, and 0.82 and 1 for observer 2. For inter-observer reliability, k-agreement values ranged between 0.885 and 1 between observers. Thus, values for reliability are above acceptable. The correlation coefficient values recorded for the questionnaires on instruction expectations in the competitive moment were above 0.82 and significant (p < 0.05), and for the questionnaire on instruction perception in competition above 0.88 and significant (p < 0.05). The pilot study showed some divergent results across expectations, behavior during competition, and perception about the instruction behavior. Conclusion The observational system and the expectations and perceptions questionnaires, used in a complementary way, can be considered as a mix-method approach for studies aiming to examine coaches’ competitive behavior.
José Rodrigues; Filipe Rodrigues; Rui Resende; Mário Espada; Fernando Santos. Mixed Method Research on Football Coaches’ Competitive Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology 2021, 12, 705557 .
AMA StyleJosé Rodrigues, Filipe Rodrigues, Rui Resende, Mário Espada, Fernando Santos. Mixed Method Research on Football Coaches’ Competitive Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021; 12 ():705557.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Rodrigues; Filipe Rodrigues; Rui Resende; Mário Espada; Fernando Santos. 2021. "Mixed Method Research on Football Coaches’ Competitive Behavior." Frontiers in Psychology 12, no. : 705557.
We aimed to compare the velocity, physiological responses, and stroke mechanics between the lactate parameters determined in an incremental step test (IST) and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Fourteen well-trained male swimmers (16.8 ± 2.8 years) were timed for 400 m and 200 m (T200). Afterwards, a 7 × 200-m front-crawl IST was performed. Swimming velocity, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLC), stroke mechanics, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured throughout the IST and in the 30-min continuous test (CT) bouts for MLSS determination. Swimming velocities at lactate threshold determined with log-log methodology (1.34 ± 0.06 m∙s−1) and Dmax methodology (1.40 ± 0.06 m∙s−1); and also, the velocity at BLC of 4 mmol∙L−1 (1.36 ± 0.07) were not significantly different from MLSSv, however, Bland–Altman analysis showed wide limits of agreement and the concordance correlation coefficient showed poor strength of agreement between the aforementioned parameters which precludes their interchangeable use. Stroke mechanics, HR, RPE, and BLC in MLSSv were not significantly different from the fourth repetition of IST (85% of T200), which by itself can provide useful support to daily practice of well-trained swimmers. Nevertheless, the determination of MLSSv, based on a CT, remains more accurate for exercise evaluation and prescription.
Mário C. Espada; Francisco B. Alves; Dália Curto; Cátia C. Ferreira; Fernando J. Santos; Dalton M. Pessôa-Filho; Joana F. Reis. Can an Incremental Step Test Be Used for Maximal Lactate Steady State Determination in Swimming? Clues for Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 477 .
AMA StyleMário C. Espada, Francisco B. Alves, Dália Curto, Cátia C. Ferreira, Fernando J. Santos, Dalton M. Pessôa-Filho, Joana F. Reis. Can an Incremental Step Test Be Used for Maximal Lactate Steady State Determination in Swimming? Clues for Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (2):477.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMário C. Espada; Francisco B. Alves; Dália Curto; Cátia C. Ferreira; Fernando J. Santos; Dalton M. Pessôa-Filho; Joana F. Reis. 2021. "Can an Incremental Step Test Be Used for Maximal Lactate Steady State Determination in Swimming? Clues for Practice." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 477.
Our study aimed to verify whether the manipulation of task constraints has different effects according to age group. Another objective was to verify the physiological and physical responses in the different formats of small-sided games (SSG). Each team in the SSGs was composed of 4 players (4x4). The participants in the research are young football players U-12 (n=8) and U-15 (n=8), affiliated with a club certified as a training entity, and competed in the regional football championship of 7 and 9 players and the national championship of Portugal, respectively. The internal and external load data were collected in 5 formats of SSGs with three field size and in 2 used goalkeepers. We used the WIMU PROTM inertial device for data collection. The registration of the internal charge, using heart rate (HR), was performed with the use by the players of Garmin bands, which send the data to WIMU PROTM devices, through of Ant+ technology. The variance analysis (ANOVA) was used to verify the differences between SSGs and the effect size was determined by calculating partial eta-square). Comparisons between the two age groups were evaluated using standardized differences with combined variance (Cohen’s d). The results show that the manipulation of the playing areas and the use of goalkeepers promoted different effects in the two age groups in terms of distance, explosive distance, accelerations/decelerations and maximum sprint. As for the comparison between SSGs we found differences in the level of external load (distance, accelerations/decelerations and maximum sprint). At the level of internal load, the effects were more evident with field areas above 100m2. We can conclude that the manipulation of the task conditions, playing area and goalkeeper, promote different physical and physiological responses, and the coach should consider this fact, as well as the effects promoted in the age groups.
Fernando Jorge Santos; Teresa Figueiredo; Cátia Ferreira; Mário Espada. Physiological and physical effect on U-12 and U-15 football players, with the manipulation of task constraints: field size and goalkeeper in small-sided games of 4x4 players. [Efecto fisiológico y físico en los jugadores de fútbol Sub-12 y Sub-15, con la manipulación de las restricciones de tareas: tamaño de campo y portero en juegos reducidos de jugadores 4x4]. RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte 2021, 17, 13 -24.
AMA StyleFernando Jorge Santos, Teresa Figueiredo, Cátia Ferreira, Mário Espada. Physiological and physical effect on U-12 and U-15 football players, with the manipulation of task constraints: field size and goalkeeper in small-sided games of 4x4 players. [Efecto fisiológico y físico en los jugadores de fútbol Sub-12 y Sub-15, con la manipulación de las restricciones de tareas: tamaño de campo y portero en juegos reducidos de jugadores 4x4]. RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte. 2021; 17 (63):13-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando Jorge Santos; Teresa Figueiredo; Cátia Ferreira; Mário Espada. 2021. "Physiological and physical effect on U-12 and U-15 football players, with the manipulation of task constraints: field size and goalkeeper in small-sided games of 4x4 players. [Efecto fisiológico y físico en los jugadores de fútbol Sub-12 y Sub-15, con la manipulación de las restricciones de tareas: tamaño de campo y portero en juegos reducidos de jugadores 4x4]." RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte 17, no. 63: 13-24.
This study aims to analyze swimmers’ oxygen uptake kinetics (\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K) and bioenergetic profiles in 50, 100, and 200 m simulated swimming events and determine which physiological variables relate with performance. Twenty-eight well-trained swimmers completed an incremental test for maximal oxygen uptake (Peak-\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)) and maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) assessment. Maximal trials (MT) of 50, 100, and 200-m in front crawl swimming were performed for \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K and bioenergetic profile. \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K parameters were calculated through monoexponential modeling and by a new growth rate method. The recovery phase was used along with the blood lactate concentration for bioenergetics profiling. Peak-\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) (57.47 ± 5.7 ml kg−1 min−1 for male and 53.53 ± 4.21 ml kg−1 min−1 for female) did not differ from \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)peak attained at the 200-MT for female and at the 100 and 200-MT for male. From the 50-MT to 100-MT and to the 200-MT the \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K presented slower time constants (8.6 ± 2.3 s, 11.5 ± 2.4 s and 16.7 ± 5.5 s, respectively), the aerobic contribution increased (~ 34%, 54% and 71%, respectively) and the anaerobic decreased (~ 66%, 46% and 29%, respectively), presenting a cross-over in the 100-MT. Both energy systems, MAV, Peak-\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\), and \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) peak of the MT’s were correlated with swimming performance. The aerobic energy contribution is an important factor for performance in 50, 100, and 200-m, regardless of the time taken to adjust the absolute oxidative response, when considering the effect on a mixed-group regarding sex. \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K speeding could be explained by a faster initial pacing strategy used in the shorter distances, that contributed for a more rapid increase of the oxidative contribution to the energy turnover.
Tiago A. F. Almeida; Dalton M. Pessôa Filho; Mário A. C. Espada; Joana F. Reis; Astor R. Simionato; Leandro O. C. Siqueira; Francisco B. Alves. $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ kinetics and energy contribution in simulated maximal performance during short and middle distance-trials in swimming. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2020, 120, 1097 -1109.
AMA StyleTiago A. F. Almeida, Dalton M. Pessôa Filho, Mário A. C. Espada, Joana F. Reis, Astor R. Simionato, Leandro O. C. Siqueira, Francisco B. Alves. $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ kinetics and energy contribution in simulated maximal performance during short and middle distance-trials in swimming. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2020; 120 (5):1097-1109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiago A. F. Almeida; Dalton M. Pessôa Filho; Mário A. C. Espada; Joana F. Reis; Astor R. Simionato; Leandro O. C. Siqueira; Francisco B. Alves. 2020. "$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ kinetics and energy contribution in simulated maximal performance during short and middle distance-trials in swimming." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 120, no. 5: 1097-1109.
Incremental exercise testing is the standard means of assessing cardiorespiratory capacity of endurance athletes. While the maximal rate of oxygen consumption is typically used as the criterion measurement in this regard, two metabolic breakpoints that reflect changes in the dynamics of lactate production/consumption as the work rate is increased are perhaps more relevant for endurance athletes from a functional standpoint. Exercise economy, which represents the rate of oxygen consumption relative to performance of submaximal work, is also an important parameter to measure for endurance-athlete assessment. Ramp incremental tests comprising a gradual but rapid increase in work rate until the limit of exercise tolerance is reached are useful for determining these parameters. This type of test is typically performed on a cycle ergometer or treadmill because there is a need for precision with respect to work-rate incrementation. However, athletes should be tested while performing the mode of exercise required for their sport. Consequently, swimmers are typically assessed during free-swimming incremental tests where such precision is difficult to achieve. We have recently suggested that stationary swimming against a load that is progressively increased (incremental tethered swimming) can serve as a "swim ergometer" by allowing sufficient precision to accommodate a gradual but rapid loading pattern that reveals the aforementioned metabolic breakpoints and exercise economy. However, the degree to which the peak rate of oxygen consumption achieved during such a protocol approximates the maximal rate that is measured during free swimming remains to be determined. In the present article, we explain how this rapidly incremented tethered-swimming protocol can be employed to assess the cardiorespiratory capacity of a swimmer. Specifically, we explain how assessment of a short-distance competitive swimmer using this protocol revealed that his rate of oxygen uptake was 30.3 and 34.8 mL∙min-1∙kg-1BM at his gas-exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point, respectively.
Dalton M. Pessôa Filho; Danilo Alexandre Massini; Leandro O. C. Siqueira; Luiz Gustavo A. Santos; Camila M. T. Vasconcelos; Tiago Almeida; Mario Espada; Joana F. Reis; Francisco Alves; Fred J. DiMenna. A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers. Journal of Visualized Experiments 2020, e60630 .
AMA StyleDalton M. Pessôa Filho, Danilo Alexandre Massini, Leandro O. C. Siqueira, Luiz Gustavo A. Santos, Camila M. T. Vasconcelos, Tiago Almeida, Mario Espada, Joana F. Reis, Francisco Alves, Fred J. DiMenna. A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2020; (155):e60630.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDalton M. Pessôa Filho; Danilo Alexandre Massini; Leandro O. C. Siqueira; Luiz Gustavo A. Santos; Camila M. T. Vasconcelos; Tiago Almeida; Mario Espada; Joana F. Reis; Francisco Alves; Fred J. DiMenna. 2020. "A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers." Journal of Visualized Experiments , no. 155: e60630.
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Nívea Maria De Oliveira Jacques; Felipe J. Aidar; Luis Leitão; Mario Espada; Aldo M. Costa; Ana Pereira. Hypotensive effect of resistance exercises performed with different intensities in hypertensive elderly women. Trends in Medicine 2019, 19, 1 .
AMA StyleNívea Maria De Oliveira Jacques, Felipe J. Aidar, Luis Leitão, Mario Espada, Aldo M. Costa, Ana Pereira. Hypotensive effect of resistance exercises performed with different intensities in hypertensive elderly women. Trends in Medicine. 2019; 19 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNívea Maria De Oliveira Jacques; Felipe J. Aidar; Luis Leitão; Mario Espada; Aldo M. Costa; Ana Pereira. 2019. "Hypotensive effect of resistance exercises performed with different intensities in hypertensive elderly women." Trends in Medicine 19, no. 6: 1.
Mario Espada; Camila Fernandes; Carlos Martins; Hugo Leitao; Teresa Figueiredo; Fernando Santos. Goal characterization after ball recovery in players of both genders of first league soccer teams in Portugal. Human Movement 2018, 2018, 73 -81.
AMA StyleMario Espada, Camila Fernandes, Carlos Martins, Hugo Leitao, Teresa Figueiredo, Fernando Santos. Goal characterization after ball recovery in players of both genders of first league soccer teams in Portugal. Human Movement. 2018; 2018 (5):73-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Espada; Camila Fernandes; Carlos Martins; Hugo Leitao; Teresa Figueiredo; Fernando Santos. 2018. "Goal characterization after ball recovery in players of both genders of first league soccer teams in Portugal." Human Movement 2018, no. 5: 73-81.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a tethered-swimming incremental test comprising small increases in resistive force applied every 60 seconds could delineate the isocapnic region during rapidly-incremented exercise. Sixteen competitive swimmers (male, n = 11; female, n = 5) performed: (a) a test to determine highest force during 30 seconds of all-out tethered swimming (Favg) and the ΔF, which represented the difference between Favg and the force required to maintain body alignment (Fbase), and (b) an incremental test beginning with 60 seconds of tethered swimming against a load that exceeded Fbase by 30% of ΔF followed by increments of 5% of ΔF every 60 seconds. This incremental test was continued until the limit of tolerance with pulmonary gas exchange (rates of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production) and ventilatory (rate of minute ventilation) data collected breath by breath. These data were subsequently analyzed to determine whether two breakpoints defining the isocapnic region (i.e., gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point) were present. We also determined the peak rate of O2 uptake and exercise economy during the incremental test. The gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point were observed for each test such that the associated metabolic rates, which bound the heavy-intensity domain during constant-work-rate exercise, could be determined. Significant correlations (Spearman’s) were observed for exercise economy along with (a) peak rate of oxygen uptake (ρ = .562; p < 0.025), and (b) metabolic rate at gas exchange threshold (ρ = −.759; p < 0.005). A rapidly-incremented tethered-swimming test allows for determination of the metabolic rates that define zones for domain-specific constant-work-rate training.
Dalton Pessôa Filho; Leandro O.C. Siqueira; Astor R. Simionato; Mario Espada; Daniel S. Pestana; Fred J. DiMenna. A Rapidly-Incremented Tethered-Swimming Test for Defining Domain-Specific Training Zones. Journal of Human Kinetics 2017, 57, 117 -128.
AMA StyleDalton Pessôa Filho, Leandro O.C. Siqueira, Astor R. Simionato, Mario Espada, Daniel S. Pestana, Fred J. DiMenna. A Rapidly-Incremented Tethered-Swimming Test for Defining Domain-Specific Training Zones. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2017; 57 (1):117-128.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDalton Pessôa Filho; Leandro O.C. Siqueira; Astor R. Simionato; Mario Espada; Daniel S. Pestana; Fred J. DiMenna. 2017. "A Rapidly-Incremented Tethered-Swimming Test for Defining Domain-Specific Training Zones." Journal of Human Kinetics 57, no. 1: 117-128.
RESUMO Introdução: Poucos estudos analisaram a contribuição da composição regional de nadadores para o perfil aeróbio, anaeróbio e o desempenho de nado. Objetivo: Verificar a influência da composição corporal regional e total sobre índices da aptidão aeróbia e anaeróbia em nado atado e livre, bem como sobre o desempenho de curta e média duração. Métodos: Onze nadadores (18,0 ± 4,0 anos) foram submetidos a: (1) teste incremental em nado atado, com coleta de gases respiração-a-respiração (K4b2 associado ao novo-AquaTrainerâ); e (2) tempo limite nos desempenhos de 200, 400 e 800 metros de nado livre. A regressão linear entre distância e tempo (d-tLim) empregou o método dos quadrados mínimos. O coeficiente de Pearson (r) averiguou as correlações da composição corporal regional e total com índices da aptidão aeróbica e anaeróbica em nado atado e livre. Resultados: Os valores da massa isenta de gordura (MIG) foram: 61,7 ± 7,4 kg; 7,5 ± 1,1 kg; 28,3 ± 3,7 kg; 22,1 ± 2,5 kg, respectivamente para corpo todo, membros superiores (MS), tronco (T) e membros inferiores (MI). O consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) foi 52,1 ± 5,3 ml×kg-1×min-1, sendo a carga correspondente (iVO2max) de 93,9 ± 12,2 N. O tempo em 200 (132,2 ± 9,7 s), 400 (296,8 ± 17,2 s) e 800 metros (619,5 ± 26,9 s) forneceu velocidade crítica (VC = 1,23 ± 0,06 m×s-1) e capacidade anaeróbica de nado (CNA = 35,8 ± 15,1 m). Observaram-se correlações de iVO2max, CAN e v200m com MIG para MS (r = 0,64; 0,67 e 0,76), porém a MIG para T, MI e corporal demonstraram correlações apenas com v200m (r = 0,75; 0,69 e 0,75) e CAN (r = 0,71; 0,69 e 0,75). Conclusão: Houve, portanto, influência da MIG regional e corporal sobre o desempenho de curta distância e reservas anaeróbias, sendo a MIG-MS também influente sobre a iVO2max, e assim relacionada ao aprimoramento do desempenho de nado.
Dalton Pessôa Filho; Astor Reis Simionato; Leandro Oliveira Da Cruz Siqueira; Mario Espada; Daniel Pestana. INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPOSIÇÃO CORPORAL REGIONAL E TOTAL SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DE NADO E ÍNDICES AERÓBIOS. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 2016, 22, 195 -199.
AMA StyleDalton Pessôa Filho, Astor Reis Simionato, Leandro Oliveira Da Cruz Siqueira, Mario Espada, Daniel Pestana. INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPOSIÇÃO CORPORAL REGIONAL E TOTAL SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DE NADO E ÍNDICES AERÓBIOS. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2016; 22 (3):195-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDalton Pessôa Filho; Astor Reis Simionato; Leandro Oliveira Da Cruz Siqueira; Mario Espada; Daniel Pestana. 2016. "INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPOSIÇÃO CORPORAL REGIONAL E TOTAL SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DE NADO E ÍNDICES AERÓBIOS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 22, no. 3: 195-199.
The purpose of this study was to understand the ventilatory and physiological responses immediately below and above the maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS) velocity and to determine the relationship of oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics parameters with performance, in swimmers. Competitive athletes (N = 12) completed in random order and on different days a 400-m all-out test, an incremental step test comprising 5 × 250- and 1 × 200-m stages and 30 minutes at a constant swimming velocity (SV) at 87.5, 90, and 92.5% of the maximal aerobic velocity for MLSS velocity (MLSSv) determination. Two square-wave transitions of 500 m, 2.5% above and below the MLSSv were completed to determine VO2 on-kinetics. End-exercise VO2 at 97.5 and 102.5% of MLSSv represented, respectively, 81 and 97% of VO2max; the latter was not significantly different from maximal VO2 (VO2max). The VO2 at MLSSv (49.3 ± 9.2 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) was not significantly different from the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) (51.3 ± 7.6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)). The velocity associated with MLSS seems to be accurately estimated by the SV at VT2 (vVT2), and vVO2max also seems to be estimated with accuracy from the central 300-m mean velocity of a 400-m trial, indicators that represent a helpful tool for coaches. The 400-m swimming performance (T400) was correlated with the time constant of the primary phase VO2 kinetics (τp) at 97.5% MLSSv, and T800 was correlated with τp in both 97.5 and 102.5% of MLSSv. The assessment of the VO2 kinetics in swimming can help coaches to build training sets according to a swimmer's individual physiological response.
Mario C. Espada; Joana F. Reis; Tiago F. Almeida; Paula M. Bruno; Veronica E. Vleck; Francisco B. Alves. Ventilatory and Physiological Responses in Swimmers Below and Above Their Maximal Lactate Steady State. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2015, 29, 2836 -2843.
AMA StyleMario C. Espada, Joana F. Reis, Tiago F. Almeida, Paula M. Bruno, Veronica E. Vleck, Francisco B. Alves. Ventilatory and Physiological Responses in Swimmers Below and Above Their Maximal Lactate Steady State. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2015; 29 (10):2836-2843.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario C. Espada; Joana F. Reis; Tiago F. Almeida; Paula M. Bruno; Veronica E. Vleck; Francisco B. Alves. 2015. "Ventilatory and Physiological Responses in Swimmers Below and Above Their Maximal Lactate Steady State." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29, no. 10: 2836-2843.