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The present study aimed to optimize the production of Scenedesmus sp. biomass during the phycoremediation process. The biomass productivity was optimized using face centred central composite design (FCCCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) as a function of two independent variables that included wet market wastewater concentrations ( A ) with a range of 10% to 75% and aeration rate ( B ) with a range of 0.02 to 4.0 L/min. The results revealed that the highest biomass productivity (73 mg/L/d) and maximum growth rate (1.19 day−1) was achieved with the 64.26% of ( A ) and 3.08 L/min of ( B ). The GC-MS composition analysis of the biomass yield extract revealed that the major compounds are hexadecane (25%), glaucine (16.2%), and phytol (8.33%). The presence of these compounds suggests that WMW has the potential to be used as a production medium for Scenedesmus sp. Biomass, which has several applications in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry.
Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Mimi Muhamad; Radin Radin Mohamed; Norshuhaila Mohamed Sunar; Adel Al-Gheethi; Paran Gani; Fahmi A. Rahman. Optimizing of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Biomass Production in Wet Market Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2216 .
AMA StyleNajeeha Mohd Apandi, Mimi Muhamad, Radin Radin Mohamed, Norshuhaila Mohamed Sunar, Adel Al-Gheethi, Paran Gani, Fahmi A. Rahman. Optimizing of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Biomass Production in Wet Market Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNajeeha Mohd Apandi; Mimi Muhamad; Radin Radin Mohamed; Norshuhaila Mohamed Sunar; Adel Al-Gheethi; Paran Gani; Fahmi A. Rahman. 2021. "Optimizing of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Biomass Production in Wet Market Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2216.
O. Abdulrahman Adeleke; Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff; Mohammed Radin Saphira; Zawawi Daud; Norli Ismail; Amimul Ahsan; N. Adila Ab Aziz; Aa Al-Gheethi; Vicky Kumar; Ayeronfe Fadilat; Najeeha Mohd Apandi. Principles and Mechanism of Adsorption for the Effective Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Water Reuse. Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment 2019, 1 -33.
AMA StyleO. Abdulrahman Adeleke, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, Mohammed Radin Saphira, Zawawi Daud, Norli Ismail, Amimul Ahsan, N. Adila Ab Aziz, Aa Al-Gheethi, Vicky Kumar, Ayeronfe Fadilat, Najeeha Mohd Apandi. Principles and Mechanism of Adsorption for the Effective Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Water Reuse. Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment. 2019; ():1-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleO. Abdulrahman Adeleke; Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff; Mohammed Radin Saphira; Zawawi Daud; Norli Ismail; Amimul Ahsan; N. Adila Ab Aziz; Aa Al-Gheethi; Vicky Kumar; Ayeronfe Fadilat; Najeeha Mohd Apandi. 2019. "Principles and Mechanism of Adsorption for the Effective Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Water Reuse." Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment , no. : 1-33.
Microalgal biomass produced from the phycoremediation of wastewater represents an important protein source, lipids, and natural antioxidants and bioproducts. Therefore, the microalgal biomass and their derived compounds are used in animal and aquaculture feed as well as human nutrition and health products. Many microalgal species have shown promising potential for many bioproducts. However, significant processes to find the optimum quality and quantity of microalgal biomass are still required especially when it is used as a replacement for aquaculture feed. The limitations lie in the selection of microalgal species and their production. The present review discusses the potential generation of bioproducts from microalgal biomass resulting from the phycoremediation of wet market wastewater. The consortium approach in wastewater treatment and the comparison between biomass production and available common feeds for aquaculture were reviewed.
Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Adel Al-Gheethi; Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. Microalgal biomass production through phycoremediation of fresh market wastewater and potential applications as aquaculture feeds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2018, 26, 3226 -3242.
AMA StyleNajeeha Mohd Apandi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Adel Al-Gheethi, Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. Microalgal biomass production through phycoremediation of fresh market wastewater and potential applications as aquaculture feeds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018; 26 (4):3226-3242.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNajeeha Mohd Apandi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Adel Al-Gheethi; Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. 2018. "Microalgal biomass production through phycoremediation of fresh market wastewater and potential applications as aquaculture feeds." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 4: 3226-3242.
The potential of greywater to be used as a production medium for biomass lie in the high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as the organic matter necessary for microalgae growth. Microalgae have high potential to adapt and utilise nitrogen, phosphate and other nutrients available in wastewater. Other factors which affect the production of biomass in microalgae include light, temperature, aeration and mixing. The effect of pH might also contribute to the quality and quantity of the produced biomass. The critical step in the production of biomass lies in the harvesting of microalgae cells, extraction of the lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. The objective of this review was to identify the criteria required for selecting greywater as a production medium and microalgae species. The harvesting and extractions techniques used in this process are also discussed and also the quality of the produced biomass and the further utilisation based on the toxicity, nutrients values and microbiological aspects.
Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Efaq Ali Noman; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Maizatul Azrina Yaakob; Fadzilah Pahazri; Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. Recycle of Greywater for Microalgae Biomass Production. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources 2018, 205 -226.
AMA StyleAdel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Efaq Ali Noman, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Najeeha Mohd Apandi, Maizatul Azrina Yaakob, Fadzilah Pahazri, Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. Recycle of Greywater for Microalgae Biomass Production. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources. 2018; ():205-226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Efaq Ali Noman; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Maizatul Azrina Yaakob; Fadzilah Pahazri; Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. 2018. "Recycle of Greywater for Microalgae Biomass Production." Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources , no. : 205-226.
The current study aims to investigate the production of microalgae biomass as a function for different wet market wastewater ratios (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and Scenedesmus sp. initial concentrations (104, 105, 106, 107 cells/mL) through the phycoremediation process. The biomass production, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total organic compounds (TOC) were determined daily. The pseudo-first order kinetic model was used to measure the potential of Scendesmus sp. in removing nutrients while the Verhulst logistic kinetic model was used to study the growth kinetic. The study revealed that the maximum productivity of Scenedesmus sp. biomass was recorded with 106 cells/mL of the initial concentration in 50% wet market wastewater (98.54 mg/L/day), and the highest removal of TP, TN, and TOC was obtained (85, 90 and 65% respectively). Total protein and lipid contents in the biomass yield produced in the wet market wastewater were more than that in the biomass produced in the BBM (41.7 vs. 37.4 and 23.2 vs. 19.2%, respectively). The results of GC–MS confirmed detection of 44 compounds in the biomass from the wet market wastewater compared to four compounds in the BBM. These compounds have several applications in pharmaceutical and personal care products, chemical industry and antimicrobial activity. These findings indicated the applicability of wet market wastewater as a production medium for microalgae biomass.
Najeeha Apandi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Adel Al-Gheethi; Paran Gani; Alfituri Ibrahim; Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. Scenedesmus Biomass Productivity and Nutrient Removal from Wet Market Wastewater, A Bio-kinetic Study. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2018, 10, 2783 -2800.
AMA StyleNajeeha Apandi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Adel Al-Gheethi, Paran Gani, Alfituri Ibrahim, Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. Scenedesmus Biomass Productivity and Nutrient Removal from Wet Market Wastewater, A Bio-kinetic Study. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2018; 10 (10):2783-2800.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNajeeha Apandi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Adel Al-Gheethi; Paran Gani; Alfituri Ibrahim; Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. 2018. "Scenedesmus Biomass Productivity and Nutrient Removal from Wet Market Wastewater, A Bio-kinetic Study." Waste and Biomass Valorization 10, no. 10: 2783-2800.
R. M. S. Radin Mohamed; A. A. S. Al-Geethi; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; A. H. Mohd Kasim; N. M. Jais. Biomass quality of Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in wet market wastewater. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleR. M. S. Radin Mohamed, A. A. S. Al-Geethi, Najeeha Mohd Apandi, A. H. Mohd Kasim, N. M. Jais. Biomass quality of Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in wet market wastewater. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. M. S. Radin Mohamed; A. A. S. Al-Geethi; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; A. H. Mohd Kasim; N. M. Jais. 2018. "Biomass quality of Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in wet market wastewater." Malaysian Journal of Microbiology , no. : 1.
The efficiency of phycoremediation using microalgae for removing nutrients and heavy metals from wastewaters has been proved. However, the differences in the composition of wastewaters as well as microalgae species play an important role in the efficient of this process. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Scenedesmus sp. to removal of heavy metals from wet market wastewater. Scenedesmus sp. was inoculated with 106 cells/mL into each wet market wastewater concentration included 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% and incubated for 18 days. The highest growth rate was recorded in 50% WM with a maximum dry weight of 2006 mg L-1 which subsequently removed 93.06% of Cd, 91.5% of Cr, 92.47% of Fe, 92.40% of Zn. These findings reflected the high potential of Scenedesmus sp. in the treatment of wet market wastewater and production microalgae biomass.
Najeeha Apandi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Adel Al-Gheethi; Atikah Latiffi; Siti Nor Hidayah Arifin; Paran Gani. Phycoremediation of Heavy Metals in Wet Market Wastewater. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2018, 140, 012017 .
AMA StyleNajeeha Apandi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Adel Al-Gheethi, Atikah Latiffi, Siti Nor Hidayah Arifin, Paran Gani. Phycoremediation of Heavy Metals in Wet Market Wastewater. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018; 140 (1):012017.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNajeeha Apandi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Adel Al-Gheethi; Atikah Latiffi; Siti Nor Hidayah Arifin; Paran Gani. 2018. "Phycoremediation of Heavy Metals in Wet Market Wastewater." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 140, no. 1: 012017.
The wet market provided fresh foodstuff. Unfortunately, the sullage commonly discharged directly to the drainage without any treatment. Hence, this research was focused on culturing the Scenedesmus sp. and implemented the phycoremediation process to wet market wastewater and to measure the heavy metal removals by Scenedesmus sp. There are two different time collected samples: (1) Sample at 7 a.m. and (2) Sample at 9 a.m.. The five samples were collected for each time sampling from of the Parit Raja Public Market, Batu Pahat wastewater (with additional of five different concentrations of Scenedesmus sp. which are 1.235x106, 1.224x106, 1.220x106, 1.213x106 and 1.203x106 cell/ml). This experiment was conducted within eight days for culturing Scenedesmus sp. and phycoremediation within another eight days. The analysis was done with changes of DO and pH and heavy metals removal during phycoremediation. Based on the result, the optimum efficiency removals for each heavy metal had achieved (36.62-100%) and the optimum concentration for Sample 7 a.m. and Sample 9 a.m. is Concentration 1 (1.235x106 cell/ml) obtained 81.18-100% of heavy metal removals. Concentration of microalgae is statistically correlated well with Fe (p0.05) in influencing high nutrient removal in the wastewater.
N M Jais; R M S R Mohamed; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; A A Al-Gheethi. Heavy metals removals from wet market wastewater by phycoremediation technology. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2018, 140, 012060 .
AMA StyleN M Jais, R M S R Mohamed, Najeeha Mohd Apandi, A A Al-Gheethi. Heavy metals removals from wet market wastewater by phycoremediation technology. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018; 140 (1):012060.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN M Jais; R M S R Mohamed; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; A A Al-Gheethi. 2018. "Heavy metals removals from wet market wastewater by phycoremediation technology." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 140, no. 1: 012060.
An experimental study using microalgae Scenedesmus sp. growth rates are conducted in varies of environmental conditions that aim to access the growth rates yields of microalgae Scenedesmus sp. tolerance and capability sustain in fluctuations condition of wastewater may permit. Synthetic aqueous of Basal Bold Medium (BBM) was used to cultivate in batch mode using reactor flask under different abiotic parameters such as pH, temperature, lux intensity and photo period. These conditions are chosen due to its influential key on microalgae growth yields, metabolism and nature of environmental where microalgae utilization took place. The initial concentrations of microalgae are kept constant at initials of 1000cells/ml as per APHA (2012) standards and other environmental factors are varies based on the nature of selected wastewater and surrounding nature. The maximum yields of Scenedesmus sp. specific growth rates subjected to abiotic conditions are pH range from pH7 to pH8, temperature is 25°C to 30°C, photoperiod is 12/12 (Light/Dark)(hr) and lux intensity of 4000. Significant of these findings shows microalgae Scenedesmus sp. can easily grow and adapt well in fluctuating of nature conditions as the optimums are precisely close to nature conditions.
Nur Atikah Binti Latiffi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Ramlah Mohd Tajuddin. Experimental Assessment on Effects of Growth Rates Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. in Different Conditions of pH, Temperature, Light Intensity and Photoperiod. Key Engineering Materials 2017, 744, 546 -551.
AMA StyleNur Atikah Binti Latiffi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Najeeha Mohd Apandi, Ramlah Mohd Tajuddin. Experimental Assessment on Effects of Growth Rates Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. in Different Conditions of pH, Temperature, Light Intensity and Photoperiod. Key Engineering Materials. 2017; 744 ():546-551.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Atikah Binti Latiffi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Ramlah Mohd Tajuddin. 2017. "Experimental Assessment on Effects of Growth Rates Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. in Different Conditions of pH, Temperature, Light Intensity and Photoperiod." Key Engineering Materials 744, no. : 546-551.
MATEC Web of Conferences, open access proceedings in Materials science, Engineering and Chemistry
Nur Atikah Binti Latiffi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Ramlah Mohd Tajuddin. Preliminary Assessment of Growth Rates on Different Concentration of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. in Industrial Meat Food Processing Wastewater. MATEC Web of Conferences 2017, 103, 06010 .
AMA StyleNur Atikah Binti Latiffi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Najeeha Mohd Apandi, Ramlah Mohd Tajuddin. Preliminary Assessment of Growth Rates on Different Concentration of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. in Industrial Meat Food Processing Wastewater. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017; 103 ():06010.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Atikah Binti Latiffi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Ramlah Mohd Tajuddin. 2017. "Preliminary Assessment of Growth Rates on Different Concentration of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. in Industrial Meat Food Processing Wastewater." MATEC Web of Conferences 103, no. : 06010.
Microalgae biomass is a type of organism that has various advantages and often used for variety of uses not only for wastewater treatment purposes but also serve as bio-based products development. Because of high in protein and lipid accumulation, this freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus sp. was selected for the present study. In this study, microalgae Scenedesmus sp. was grown in four concentrations of wet market wastewater (10%WM, 15%WM, 20%WM and 25%WM) in comparison with the Bold Basal Medium (BBM) as a control. The result shows that the highest protein content (50.72%) was in 10%WM followed by 15%WM, 20%WM, 25%WM and BBM. As for lipid content, the best concentration was obtained in the 25%WM with the value of 26.7% compared to other concentrations and BBM. Therefore, the result indicates that microalgae Scenedesmus sp. biomass cultured using wet market wastewater has a great potential in producing protein-rich and lipid content which significantly could be used as a fish feed product.
Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Nur Atikah Binti Latiffi; Nur Farahanim Mohd Rozlan; A.A.S. Al-Gheethi. Protein and Lipid Content of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Biomass Grown in Wet Market Wastewater. MATEC Web of Conferences 2017, 103, 6011 .
AMA StyleNajeeha Mohd Apandi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Nur Atikah Binti Latiffi, Nur Farahanim Mohd Rozlan, A.A.S. Al-Gheethi. Protein and Lipid Content of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Biomass Grown in Wet Market Wastewater. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017; 103 ():6011.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNajeeha Mohd Apandi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Nur Atikah Binti Latiffi; Nur Farahanim Mohd Rozlan; A.A.S. Al-Gheethi. 2017. "Protein and Lipid Content of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Biomass Grown in Wet Market Wastewater." MATEC Web of Conferences 103, no. : 6011.
This paper represents the results of using phycoremediation technology in treating the wastewater produced from food stall activity by using microalgae of Scenedesmus sp. in removal of heavy metals. Phycoremediation has advantages over physic-chemical approaches as it is can completely degrade organic pollutants without destroy the surrounding flora and fauna. Aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of microalgae Scenedesmussp to assimilate the pollutant load based on the optimum time and concentration. Characteristics of food stall wastewater need to be identified and analyse before phycoremediation process taken place. The wastewater sampling was collected at food stall during peak time i.e. at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. to be injected to the batch reactor based on five (5) different concentration cells. The results shows that the optimum removal of heavy metals are dominant by concentration no. 1 (C1) compare to other concentration in the treatment i.e. removal of Ferum by 88.22% and 69.63%, Copper by 60% and 53.85% at both sampling time while removal of zinc is dominant by concentration no.4 (C4) by 75.61% and 76.63% respectively.
Nur Atikah Ahmad Latiffi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. Application of Phycoremediation Using Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. as Wastewater Treatment in Removal of Heavy Metals from Food Stall Wastewater. Applied Mechanics and Materials 2015, 773-774, 1168 -1172.
AMA StyleNur Atikah Ahmad Latiffi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Najeeha Mohd Apandi, Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. Application of Phycoremediation Using Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. as Wastewater Treatment in Removal of Heavy Metals from Food Stall Wastewater. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2015; 773-774 ():1168-1172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Atikah Ahmad Latiffi; Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Najeeha Mohd Apandi; Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. 2015. "Application of Phycoremediation Using Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. as Wastewater Treatment in Removal of Heavy Metals from Food Stall Wastewater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774, no. : 1168-1172.