Aim Thyroid disorders are common endocrine disorders encountered in the African continent. Environmental and nutritional factors are often implicated in the occurrence of most thyroid disorders that occur in the most part of the world. This is a narrative review that seeks to document the pattern, prevalence, and management of thyroid disorders in the continent. To find the incidence and prevalence of thyroid disorders from total body malignancies at our cancer center. Objective Implementation of thyroid screening camps among the general population. In India, thyroid disorders in childhood and adolescence have not been sufficiently studied. Where studies are available, they were either conducted decades ago or they involved only adults. The objectives of this study are to describe the pattern of thyroid disorders in each individual seen in our hospital and to highlight the management challenges encountered. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective medical record analysis performed in our tertiary care cancer center in Nasik, Maharashtra for a period of 6 years from January 2008 to December 2014. The clinical examination, biochemical studies, serological and histological parameters were used to characterize and evaluate the patients of thyroid disorders. Investigations done, surgical treatment type, types and complications of thyroid disorders, incidence according to age, sex and prognosis were all documented in this analysis. Results Of 16933 cancer patients, 128 patients suffered from thyroid disorders and the prevalence was 0.8%. The prevalence of thyroid disorders was significantly higher in females than males (33.6% vs. 66.4%, χ² = 27.56, P < 0.001). The prevalence of thyroid disorders was significantly higher in higher aged (≥31 years) patients as compared to lower aged (≤30 years) patients (14.1% vs. 85.9%, χ² = 132.30, P < 0.001). Of total thyroid disorders, 99 (77.3%) patients had cancers with highest prevalence of follicular cancer (58.6%). Of total thyroid disorders, 79 (61.7%) patients underwent surgery with no postoperative complications and were discharged on 3^rd day of surgery. The mortality rate was 4.6%. Conclusion There are a high risk and burden of thyroid disorders in India due to lack of nutrition and unavailability of proper therapeutic resources. There are a lack and paucity of data on the epidemiology of thyroid disorders. Due to lack of resources, complete screening for thyroid diseases in the general population is not cost-effective. There must be complete family screening with all genetic relatives in all patients with juvenile autoimmune thyroiditis.

South Asian J Cancer, Official publication of MedIntel Services Pvt Ltd,India

Recent technological advances have led to improvements in social well being of man’s life in all aspects. This improving and advanced lifestyle is the major cause for some debilitating problems like road traffic accidents. Statistical analysis in literature shows that head and maxillofacial injuries are the most common of these injuries. Recent studies show that fractures of midface are strongly associated with a high mortality rate. The exact relationship between different types of facial fractures and brain injuries is still controversial. Purpose: To evaluate the individuals with fractures of midface from different etiologies and determine if there is any relationship between various fractures of midface acting as a buffer mechanism for head injuries. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study was done to assess all the patients with midface fractures at the trauma center in a rural area in India. The etiologic and demographic data, the type of midface fracture and brain injury, and Glasgow coma scale were assessed. Results: Of 59 patients, 33 patients had head injury. The important correlations were as follows: Le Fort III with brain contusion, nasal orbital ethmoid fractures with subdural hematoma, frontal fracture with subdural hematoma, zygomatic complex fracture with brain contusion. Nasal fracture correlated with brain contusion. The zygomatic complex fracture was the most prevalent fracture. Conclusion: Different midface fracture patterns have the risk of different types of simultaneous brain injuries. So midface fractures absorb the forces of impact to a great extent and prevent the severity of head injuries and high mortality rate.

Retrosternal goitre is very rare condition which account for 5 to 20% of thyroidectomy patients. Though rare, it can be better managed surgically. In this article we report a rare case of 55 year old female who had nodular goiter with huge retrosternal extension associated with hyperthyroidism. Majority of retrosternal thyroid can be removed safely by conventional cervical approach. Our patient had around 12 cm mass which was impossible to remove it from conventional approach and hence total thyroidectomy by a combined cervical/sternotomy approach. Procedure was uneventful and patient is doing fine in 2 months of follow-up. The role of thyroidectomy in patients with retrosternal goitre provides yet another area of surgical controversy.

The surgical management of the clinical negative neck node in early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) has been the topic of debate since few decades. As the occult cervical lymph node metastasis is considered to be the prime prognostic factor in early OTSCC, this meta-analysis has been carried out to find the risk of regional nodal recurrence, disease specific survival and overall survival rates in outcome of Elective neck dissection (END) versus patients under observation. The articles were electronically retrieved from Ovid Medline, PubMed, Cochrane and Scholar for comparison of END versus Observation in early OTSCC. The search strategy identified 37 relevant review articles from April 1979 to April 2020 from different search engines. A total of 11,973 patients from 32 retrospective analysis, 4 prospective and 1 randomised control trial were included in this meta-analysis. Statistical analysis revealed Overall test (OR: 5.31 95% CI: − 2.132–14.698) with t-test 1.919 and p value 0.113 which is not statistically significant but the readings says that there is always better Disease specific survival with END patients rather than patients kept on observation. Overall test revealed (OR: 13.02 95% CI: 1.360–17.154) with t test 2.382 and p value 0.023 which is statistically significant and showed that End significantly reduced the risk of regional nodal recurrence. Overall test revealed (OR: 7.93 95% CI: − 15.461–4.238) with t test − 1.347 and p value 0.220 which is statistically insignificant and but showed that to some extent Overall survival improves in patient with END than the patients kept on observation. This meta-analysis find that there is statistically significant relationship when Elective neck dissection was performed which reduced the risk of regional nodal recurrence. This analysis didn’t statistically find any significance in Disease specific survival and Overall survival with Elective neck dissection patients rather than patients kept on observation but however showed good prognosis when elective neck dissection was performed.