Exercise can ameliorate cardiovascular dysfunctions in the diabetes condition, but its precise molecular mechanisms have not been entirely understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of endurance training on expression of angiogenesis-related genes in cardiac tissue of diabetic rats. Thirty adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (N = 10) including diabetic training (DT), sedentary diabetes (SD), and sedentary healthy (SH), in which diabetes was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Endurance training (ET) with moderate-intensity was performed on a motorized treadmill for six weeks. Training duration and treadmill speed were increased during five weeks, but they were kept constant at the final week, and slope was zero at all stages. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was used to measure the expression of myocyte enhancer factor-2C (MEF2C), histone deacetylase-4 (HDAC4) and Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in cardiac tissues of the rats. Our results demonstrated that six weeks of ET increased gene expression of MEF2C significantly (p < 0.05), and caused a significant reduction in HDAC4 and CaMKII gene expression in the DT rats compared to the SD rats (p < 0.05). We concluded that moderate-intensity ET could play a critical role in ameliorating cardiovascular dysfunction in a diabetes condition by regulating the expression of some angiogenesis-related genes in cardiac tissues.

Soccer is an attractive and popular team sport that has high physiological and fitness stress, and therefore requires special and controlled training programs during the season. The aim of this study was to describe the weekly average and changes in training monotony (TM) and training strain (TS) throughout different periods of the season in professional football players based on the number of accelerations and decelerations, and also to analyze the difference between starters and non-starters players in TM and TS. Nineteen professional players from a soccer team competing in the Iranian Premier League (age, 28 ± 4.6 years; height, 181.6 ± 5.8 cm; body mass, 74.5 ± 5.6 kg, and body mass index, 21.8 ± 1.0 kg/m²) participated in a cohort study. Participants were divided into two groups based on the time of participation in the weekly competition: starters (N = 10) or non-starters (N = 9). The physical activities of the players were recorded during the training sessions and competitive matches of 43 weeks using GPSPORTS systems Pty Ltd. During pre- and end-season TS was not significantly different between starters and non-starters, while during early- and mid-season starters showed a higher TS than non-starter (p < 0.05). TS was higher during early- and mid-season compared to pre- and end-season. In all zones on both the TM and TS variables, non-starters experienced higher change percentages and coefficient of variation. TM during the season in all zones of accelerations was not significantly different between starters and non-starters. while during mid-season starters showed a higher TM than non-starters in all zones of decelerations (p < 0.05). TM data showed fluctuations and w-shaped graphs in the week-by-week survey. These results indicate that training during early- and mid-season is not enough for the physical development of non-starters soccer players. Coaches should be more careful when designing training for non-starters players, and they could consider the use of game simulation, preparatory match or intra-team match, or individual training programs.

Background: Increasing inflammatory markers of CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 leads to increasing cardiovascular disease. Change in lifestyle represents a successful strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of Pilates training on serum levels of IL-6, CRP and TNF-α in inactive overweight women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 28 volunteer overweight women (with average BMI of 27.2, 1.1± kg/m2) participated. They were randomly divided into training group (n=14) and control group (n=14). Pilates exercise training was performed during 12 weeks (3 sessions per week, 60 min per session). Blood samples were collected in two stages, 48 hours before and 48 hours after the last exercise after 12-14 hours fasting status. During the 12 weeks, the control group had no exercise training. Results: In within group comparsion, only serum levels of CRP in the training group was significantly decreased (P=0.048) and in between group comparsion there were no significant difference in serum levels of CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 in training group compare to control group (P>0.05). Conclusion: However, from statistical point of view there was no significant difference between the two groups. It can be said that the implementation of Pilates training can have beneficial effects on serum levels of some inflammatory markers in this way reduced CRP in inactive women with overweight. Lowering serum CRP levels is with reducing body fat and improving body composition. So physical activity can be considered as an essential part of the lifestyle of adults.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of combined resistance training with TRX on body composition and physical fitness in non-athletic women. Methods The study population consisted of 30 sedentary women from Ardabil, who were voluntarily recruited from local fitness centers. Participants who met the inclusion ...

Background: Mitochondrial function is an integral part of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells and is a hallmark feature of cardiovascular disease. It may contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy and atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), combined ...

Context: Fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS) affects three domains: physical, mental, and social. Exercise holds therapeutic promise because of its potential benefits for health and well-being. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood, particularly with respect to extracellular vesicles (EVs). Moreover, little is known about the interaction between exercise and EVs, or the potential role of EVs in mediating exercise-related health benefits. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes current evidence on how various types of exercise modulate fatigue in MS, assessed using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), with a focus on EV-driven neurofunctional adaptations. Evidence Acquisition: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eleven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 665 participants were included. Subgroup analyses and random-effects modeling were performed using Stata 15 to assess domain-specific effects and modality-based differences. Results: Exercise interventions significantly reduced fatigue across all MFIS domains. The largest effects were observed for physical fatigue (pooled effect size [ES]: −4.486; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −5.502 to −3.470), followed by cognitive fatigue (−2.792; 95% CI: −3.810 to −1.775) and psychosocial fatigue (−0.938; 95% CI: −1.226 to −0.650). Aquatic and coordination-based exercises showed the most consistent and substantial improvements. Discussion: This meta-analysis highlights the therapeutic role of exercise in alleviating MS-related fatigue, with modality-specific benefits suggesting distinct underlying biological mechanisms. Integrating MFIS outcomes with emerging EV literature may provide a hypothesis-generating framework for future mechanism-oriented rehabilitation research in multiple sclerosis.