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Silvia Luzzati
Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” – SCITEC Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – CNR via A. Corti 12 Milano Italy

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Research article
Published: 25 June 2021 in Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research
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Impressive advancements in solution-processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have been driven to a large extent by the rational design of conjugated polymers as photoactive donors. These achievements have been obtained without paying much attention to green metrics parameters (such as E factor) and to the increasing synthetic complexity (SC), which is a bottleneck for industrial scalability. In this context, a novel donor copolymer (PBDT3T) based on benzodithiophene and terthiophene building blocks with ester functionalities is synthesized. The 26-fold-reduced E factor for the benzodithiophene monomer synthesis and the SC index of 24 for PBDT3T, much lower compared with benchmark donor polymers, provide a hint for good scalability, sustainability, and low costs. PBDT3T features a relatively wide optical bandgap and a deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), meeting the requirements for suitable donor material in both fullerene and nonfullerene-based solar cells. PBDT3T is studied in binary and ternary blend, using PC71BM and ITIC as acceptors. The best performances are obtained in the ternary blend devices, reaching power conversion efficiency (PCE) values of 7.14%. Trade-off considerations between PCE and SC make PBDT3T promising on an industrial perspective.

ACS Style

Marta Penconi; Gabriele Bianchi; Andrea Nitti; Alberto Savoini; Chiara Carbonera; Dario Pasini; Riccardo Po; Silvia Luzzati. A Donor Polymer with a Good Compromise between Efficiency and Sustainability for Organic Solar Cells. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research 2021, 2100069 .

AMA Style

Marta Penconi, Gabriele Bianchi, Andrea Nitti, Alberto Savoini, Chiara Carbonera, Dario Pasini, Riccardo Po, Silvia Luzzati. A Donor Polymer with a Good Compromise between Efficiency and Sustainability for Organic Solar Cells. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research. 2021; ():2100069.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Penconi; Gabriele Bianchi; Andrea Nitti; Alberto Savoini; Chiara Carbonera; Dario Pasini; Riccardo Po; Silvia Luzzati. 2021. "A Donor Polymer with a Good Compromise between Efficiency and Sustainability for Organic Solar Cells." Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research , no. : 2100069.

Journal article
Published: 02 February 2021 in Molecules
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Conjugated polymers with ionic pendant groups (CPEs) are receiving increasing attention as solution-processed interfacial materials for organic solar cells (OSCs). Various anionic CPEs have been successfully used, on top of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) electrodes, as solution-processed anode interlayers (AILs) for conventional devices with direct geometry. However, the development of CPE AILs for OSC devices with inverted geometry is an important topic that still needs to be addressed. Here, we have designed three anionic CPEs bearing alkyl-potassium-sulfonate side chains. Their functional behavior as anode interlayers has been investigated in P3HT:PC61BM (poly(3-hexylthiophene): [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester) devices with an inverted geometry, using a hole collecting silver electrode evaporated on top. Our results reveal that to obtain effective anode modification, the CPEs’ conjugated backbone has to be tailored to grant self-doping and to have a good energy-level match with the photoactive layer. Furthermore, the sulfonate moieties not only ensure the solubility in polar orthogonal solvents, induce self-doping via a right choice of the conjugated backbone, but also play a role in the gaining of hole selectivity of the top silver electrode.

ACS Style

Elisa Lassi; Benedetta Squeo; Roberto Sorrentino; Guido Scavia; Simona Mrakic-Sposta; Maristella Gussoni; Barbara Vercelli; Francesco Galeotti; Mariacecilia Pasini; Silvia Luzzati. Sulfonate-Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Anode Interfacial Layers in Inverted Organic Solar Cells. Molecules 2021, 26, 763 .

AMA Style

Elisa Lassi, Benedetta Squeo, Roberto Sorrentino, Guido Scavia, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Maristella Gussoni, Barbara Vercelli, Francesco Galeotti, Mariacecilia Pasini, Silvia Luzzati. Sulfonate-Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Anode Interfacial Layers in Inverted Organic Solar Cells. Molecules. 2021; 26 (3):763.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisa Lassi; Benedetta Squeo; Roberto Sorrentino; Guido Scavia; Simona Mrakic-Sposta; Maristella Gussoni; Barbara Vercelli; Francesco Galeotti; Mariacecilia Pasini; Silvia Luzzati. 2021. "Sulfonate-Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Anode Interfacial Layers in Inverted Organic Solar Cells." Molecules 26, no. 3: 763.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2021 in Energies
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Polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on non-fullerene acceptors have the advantages of synthetic versatility, strong absorption ability, and high thermal stability. These characteristics result in impressive power conversion efficiency values, but to further push both the performance and the stability of PSCs, the insertion of appropriate interlayers in the device structure remains mandatory. Herein, a naphthalene diimide-based cathode interlayer (NDI-OH) is synthesized with a facile three-step reaction and used as a cathode interlayer for fullerene and non-fullerene PSCs. This cationic polyelectrolyte exhibited good solubility in alcohol solvents, transparency in the visible range, self-doping behavior, and good film forming ability. All these characteristics allowed the increase in the devices’ power conversion efficiencies (PCE) both for fullerene and non-fullerene-based PSCs. The successful results make NDI-OH a promising cathode interlayer to apply in PSCs.

ACS Style

Roberto Sorrentino; Marta Penconi; Anita Andicsová-Eckstein; Guido Scavia; Helena Švajdlenková; Erika Kozma; Silvia Luzzati. An N-type Naphthalene Diimide Ionene Polymer as Cathode Interlayer for Organic Solar Cells. Energies 2021, 14, 454 .

AMA Style

Roberto Sorrentino, Marta Penconi, Anita Andicsová-Eckstein, Guido Scavia, Helena Švajdlenková, Erika Kozma, Silvia Luzzati. An N-type Naphthalene Diimide Ionene Polymer as Cathode Interlayer for Organic Solar Cells. Energies. 2021; 14 (2):454.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roberto Sorrentino; Marta Penconi; Anita Andicsová-Eckstein; Guido Scavia; Helena Švajdlenková; Erika Kozma; Silvia Luzzati. 2021. "An N-type Naphthalene Diimide Ionene Polymer as Cathode Interlayer for Organic Solar Cells." Energies 14, no. 2: 454.

Review article
Published: 10 December 2020 in Energy & Environmental Science
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The interlayer materials used in non-fullerene based solar cells are reviewed and the peculiar mechanisms operating in these systems are discussed.

ACS Style

Roberto Sorrentino; Erika Kozma; Silvia Luzzati; Riccardo Po. Interlayers for non-fullerene based polymer solar cells: distinctive features and challenges. Energy & Environmental Science 2020, 14, 180 -223.

AMA Style

Roberto Sorrentino, Erika Kozma, Silvia Luzzati, Riccardo Po. Interlayers for non-fullerene based polymer solar cells: distinctive features and challenges. Energy & Environmental Science. 2020; 14 (1):180-223.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roberto Sorrentino; Erika Kozma; Silvia Luzzati; Riccardo Po. 2020. "Interlayers for non-fullerene based polymer solar cells: distinctive features and challenges." Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 1: 180-223.

Journal article
Published: 02 February 2019 in Pure and Applied Chemistry
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Polar semiconducting polymers based on a conjugated polymer backbone endowed with chemically anchored polar groups on the side chains have proved to be particularly interesting as optimization layer at organic/cathode interface in optoelectronic devices. In particular, the pendant phosphonate groups impart water-alcohol solubility allowing easy solution processing, and improve electron injection thanks to both a favorable interfacial dipole of phosphonate groups and an intense coordination interaction between the phosphonate groups and Al cathode. In this work we synthesize alternating fluorene-benzothiadiazole copolymers by proposing a post-polymerization reaction to insert the phosphonate groups. Thanks to this approach it is possible to use standard Suzuki coupling conditions, simplifying the process of synthesis, purification and characterization. The polymer Poly[9,9-bis(6′-diethoxylphosphorylhexyl)-alt-benzothiadiazole] (P2), is tested in conventional organic solar cells as cathode interfacial layers showing, with respect to the control device, an increasing of all the photovoltaic parameters, with a final power conversion efficiency that reaches 5.35% starting from 4.6%. The same trend is observed for multilayered polymer light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency of the P2-based PLED enhanced of 1.5 times with respect to the basic devices with bare Al cathode, and negligible roll-off efficiency. The synergic effects of energy gap modulation and of polar phosphonated pendant functionalities of P2 are compared with the corresponding fluorene-based polar homopolymer. Our results show that, not only a proper selection of side functionalities, but also the tailoring of the energy gap of cathode interfacial materials (CIMs) is a possible effective strategy to engineer cathode of different optoelectronic devices and enhance their performance.

ACS Style

Benedetta Maria Squeo; Francesco Carulli; Elisa Lassi; Francesco Galeotti; Umberto Giovanella; Silvia Luzzati; Mariacecilia Pasini. Benzothiadiazole-based conjugated polyelectrolytes for interfacial engineering in optoelectronic devices. Pure and Applied Chemistry 2019, 91, 477 -488.

AMA Style

Benedetta Maria Squeo, Francesco Carulli, Elisa Lassi, Francesco Galeotti, Umberto Giovanella, Silvia Luzzati, Mariacecilia Pasini. Benzothiadiazole-based conjugated polyelectrolytes for interfacial engineering in optoelectronic devices. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2019; 91 (3):477-488.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benedetta Maria Squeo; Francesco Carulli; Elisa Lassi; Francesco Galeotti; Umberto Giovanella; Silvia Luzzati; Mariacecilia Pasini. 2019. "Benzothiadiazole-based conjugated polyelectrolytes for interfacial engineering in optoelectronic devices." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 3: 477-488.

Journal article
Published: 07 December 2018 in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
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In this work a novel combination of side chain functionalities, alkyl-phosphonate (EP) and alkyl-ammonium bromide (NBr) groups, on a polyfluorene backbone (PF-NBr-EP) was studied as cathode interfacial material (CIM) in polymer-based solar cells. The devices were made with a conventional geometry, with PTB7:PC71 BM as active layer and aluminum as metal electrode. The CIM showed good solubility in ethanol and film forming ability onto the active layer so that its deposition could be finely tuned. The interface engineering imparted by this CIM was assessed and discussed through kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), impedance spectroscopy, charge recombination and electron transport characterizations. To discriminate between the interfacial modifications imparted by the interlayer and its solvent, we included in this study a surface ethanol treated device. In the optimized conditions an average power conversion efficiency of 7.24% was obtained, which is about 60% higher when compared to devices made with bare Al and 26% when compared to devices made with a standard calcium/aluminum cathode. Besides performances, some insights about the devices shelf life stability are also presented. A good persistency through aging was found for the cathode interfacial engineering capabilities of PF-NBr-EP.

ACS Style

Francesco Carulli; Guido Scavia; Elisa Lassi; Mariacecilia Pasini; Francesco Galeotti; Sergio Brovelli; Umberto Giovanella; Silvia Luzzati. A bifunctional conjugated polyelectrolyte for the interfacial engineering of polymer solar cells. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2018, 538, 611 -619.

AMA Style

Francesco Carulli, Guido Scavia, Elisa Lassi, Mariacecilia Pasini, Francesco Galeotti, Sergio Brovelli, Umberto Giovanella, Silvia Luzzati. A bifunctional conjugated polyelectrolyte for the interfacial engineering of polymer solar cells. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2018; 538 ():611-619.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Carulli; Guido Scavia; Elisa Lassi; Mariacecilia Pasini; Francesco Galeotti; Sergio Brovelli; Umberto Giovanella; Silvia Luzzati. 2018. "A bifunctional conjugated polyelectrolyte for the interfacial engineering of polymer solar cells." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 538, no. : 611-619.

Research article
Published: 03 May 2018 in Nano Letters
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Colloidal nanoplatelets (NPLs), owning to their efficient, narrowband luminescence, are considered promising candidates for solution-processable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with ultra-high color purity. To date, however, the record efficiencies of NPLs-LED are significantly lower than more investigated devices based on spherical nanocrystals. This is particularly true for red-emitting NPL-LEDs, whose best reported EQE is limited to 0.63% (EQE=5% for green NPL-LEDs). Here, we address this issue by introducing a charge regulating layer of a polar/polyelectrolytic polymer specifically engineered with complementary trimethylammonium and phosphonate functionalities that provide high solubility in orthogonal polar media with respect to the NPL active layer, compatibility with the metal cathode and the ability to control electron injection through the formation of a polarized interface under bias. Through this synergic approach, we achieve EQE=5.73% at 658 nm (color saturation 98%) in fully solution-processed LEDs. Remarkably, exposure to air increases the EQE to 8.39%, exceeding the best reports of red NPL-LED by over one order of magnitude and setting a new global record for quantum dot LEDs of any color incorporating solution-deposited organic interlayers. Considering the emission quantum yield of the NPLs (40±5%), this value corresponds to a nearly unity internal quantum efficiency. Notably, our devices show exceptional operational stability for over 5 hours of continuous drive in air with no encapsulation, thus confirming the potential of NPLs for efficient, high-stability, saturated LEDs.

ACS Style

Umberto Giovanella; Mariacecilia Pasini; Monica Lorenzon; Francesco Galeotti; Claudio Lucchi; Francesco Meinardi; Silvia Luzzati; Benoit Dubertret; Sergio Brovelli. Efficient Solution-Processed Nanoplatelet-Based Light-Emitting Diodes with High Operational Stability in Air. Nano Letters 2018, 18, 3441 -3448.

AMA Style

Umberto Giovanella, Mariacecilia Pasini, Monica Lorenzon, Francesco Galeotti, Claudio Lucchi, Francesco Meinardi, Silvia Luzzati, Benoit Dubertret, Sergio Brovelli. Efficient Solution-Processed Nanoplatelet-Based Light-Emitting Diodes with High Operational Stability in Air. Nano Letters. 2018; 18 (6):3441-3448.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Umberto Giovanella; Mariacecilia Pasini; Monica Lorenzon; Francesco Galeotti; Claudio Lucchi; Francesco Meinardi; Silvia Luzzati; Benoit Dubertret; Sergio Brovelli. 2018. "Efficient Solution-Processed Nanoplatelet-Based Light-Emitting Diodes with High Operational Stability in Air." Nano Letters 18, no. 6: 3441-3448.

Original article
Published: 04 April 2018 in Chemical Papers
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Interfacial engineering provides an important tool for optimizing the performances of optoelectronic devices. We show that poly[(2,7-(9,9′-dioctyl)fluorene)-alt-(2,7-(9,9′-bis(5″-trimethylammonium bromide)pentyl)fluorene)])], an alcohol-soluble π-conjugated polymer based on polyfluorene backbone and ammonium groups on the alkyl side chains, is capable of modifying the interface between the organic layer and the metal cathode in both organic solar cells and light-emitting diodes based on commercial materials and conventional architectures, improving their performances. The introduction of the cathode interlayer enhances the efficiency of a red-emitting phosphorescent OLED by 15% and decreases its turn-on voltage. The same polymer improves the power conversion efficiency of a PTB7/PC71BM solar cell by 55% and shows a beneficial effect in terms of device stability.

ACS Style

Francesco Carulli; Wojciech Mroz; Elisa Lassi; Cristina Sandionigi; Benedetta Maria Squeo; Lorenzo Meazza; Guido Scavia; Silvia Luzzati; Mariacecilia Pasini; Umberto Giovanella; Francesco Galeotti. Effect of the introduction of an alcohol-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte as cathode interlayer in solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic devices. Chemical Papers 2018, 72, 1753 -1759.

AMA Style

Francesco Carulli, Wojciech Mroz, Elisa Lassi, Cristina Sandionigi, Benedetta Maria Squeo, Lorenzo Meazza, Guido Scavia, Silvia Luzzati, Mariacecilia Pasini, Umberto Giovanella, Francesco Galeotti. Effect of the introduction of an alcohol-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte as cathode interlayer in solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic devices. Chemical Papers. 2018; 72 (7):1753-1759.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Carulli; Wojciech Mroz; Elisa Lassi; Cristina Sandionigi; Benedetta Maria Squeo; Lorenzo Meazza; Guido Scavia; Silvia Luzzati; Mariacecilia Pasini; Umberto Giovanella; Francesco Galeotti. 2018. "Effect of the introduction of an alcohol-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte as cathode interlayer in solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic devices." Chemical Papers 72, no. 7: 1753-1759.

Journals
Published: 07 October 2016 in Journal of Materials Chemistry A
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Pd(PPh3)4-catalyzed direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) affords PBDTTPD in higher molar mass than Stille coupling. PDHAP-based solar cells display PCE up to 5.3%.

ACS Style

G. Marzano; Francesco Carulli; F. Babudri; A. Pellegrino; R. Po; S. Luzzati; G. M. Farinola. PBDTTPD for plastic solar cells via Pd(PPh3)4-catalyzed direct (hetero)arylation polymerization. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2016, 4, 17163 -17170.

AMA Style

G. Marzano, Francesco Carulli, F. Babudri, A. Pellegrino, R. Po, S. Luzzati, G. M. Farinola. PBDTTPD for plastic solar cells via Pd(PPh3)4-catalyzed direct (hetero)arylation polymerization. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2016; 4 (43):17163-17170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. Marzano; Francesco Carulli; F. Babudri; A. Pellegrino; R. Po; S. Luzzati; G. M. Farinola. 2016. "PBDTTPD for plastic solar cells via Pd(PPh3)4-catalyzed direct (hetero)arylation polymerization." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 43: 17163-17170.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in Thin Solid Films
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Tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films were deposited both on silicon, soda-lime glass and W foils by Ar/O2 plasma diode sputtering process from a W metal target. The influence of O2 content percentage on the structural and optical properties of the films, as well as the effects of post treatment annealing both in vacuum (400 °C) and in air (600 °C) have been investigated. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the as-grown films are amorphous-like regardless of the oxygen percentage. The degree of crystallinity of films is increased by a post-growth thermal-annealing procedure. With respect to other plasma sputtering recipes, here a lower stress state is favoured by the slower deposition rate and the multi-step deposition. The optical band gap deduced from the absorbance spectra ranges from 3.1–3.3 eV for the amorphous samples and it decreases to 2.3–2.5 for the more crystalline films. The photoelectrochemical activity of WO3 samples annealed at 600 °C in air have been investigated as a function of the O2 content.

ACS Style

M. Pedroni; M. Canetti; Gian Luca Chiarello; A. Cremona; F. Inzoli; Silvia Luzzati; S.M. Pietralunga; Alberto Tagliaferri; M. Zani; Espedito Vassallo. Tungsten oxide thin film photo-anodes by reactive RF diode sputtering. Thin Solid Films 2016, 616, 375 -380.

AMA Style

M. Pedroni, M. Canetti, Gian Luca Chiarello, A. Cremona, F. Inzoli, Silvia Luzzati, S.M. Pietralunga, Alberto Tagliaferri, M. Zani, Espedito Vassallo. Tungsten oxide thin film photo-anodes by reactive RF diode sputtering. Thin Solid Films. 2016; 616 ():375-380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Pedroni; M. Canetti; Gian Luca Chiarello; A. Cremona; F. Inzoli; Silvia Luzzati; S.M. Pietralunga; Alberto Tagliaferri; M. Zani; Espedito Vassallo. 2016. "Tungsten oxide thin film photo-anodes by reactive RF diode sputtering." Thin Solid Films 616, no. : 375-380.

Research article
Published: 15 September 2015 in Macromolecules
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In a recent report ( Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014 , 30 , 6583) we emphasized the importance of addressing research efforts in OPV-active materials toward synthetic processes scalable up to industrial production. In this context, palladium-catalyzed direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) can be a suitable approach to reduce the number of reaction steps and to avoid the use of toxic reagents in the synthesis of donor polymers. Random donor–acceptor copolymers have been shown to be promising materials for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with high efficiencies and increased thermal stability. We report here the synthesis by DHAP of a ternary double-acceptor/donor random copolymer including benzo[ c ][1,2,5]thiadiazole and benzo[ d ][1,2,3]triazole as the accepting units and benzo[1,2- b ;4,5- b ′]dithiophene as the donor moiety. The results are discussed in comparison with the synthesis of the same polymer via the Stille polymerization. The coupling products formed in the early stage of the polycondensation have been isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy to gain insight into the regiochemistry of DHAP. The polymers synthesized have been tested in BHJ solar cells with PC 71 BM as the electron acceptor material. Power conversion efficiencies (up to 2.8%) are comparable or lower (depending on the processing conditions) than those of the same polymer synthesized via the Stille coupling reaction; however, the DHAP protocol is more convenient in terms of synthetic complexity.

ACS Style

G. Marzano; D. Kotowski; F. Babudri; R. Musio; A. Pellegrino; Silvia Luzzati; R. Pó; G. M. Farinola. Tin-Free Synthesis of a Ternary Random Copolymer for BHJ Solar Cells: Direct (Hetero)arylation versus Stille Polymerization. Macromolecules 2015, 48, 7039 -7048.

AMA Style

G. Marzano, D. Kotowski, F. Babudri, R. Musio, A. Pellegrino, Silvia Luzzati, R. Pó, G. M. Farinola. Tin-Free Synthesis of a Ternary Random Copolymer for BHJ Solar Cells: Direct (Hetero)arylation versus Stille Polymerization. Macromolecules. 2015; 48 (19):7039-7048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. Marzano; D. Kotowski; F. Babudri; R. Musio; A. Pellegrino; Silvia Luzzati; R. Pó; G. M. Farinola. 2015. "Tin-Free Synthesis of a Ternary Random Copolymer for BHJ Solar Cells: Direct (Hetero)arylation versus Stille Polymerization." Macromolecules 48, no. 19: 7039-7048.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2015 in Dyes and Pigments
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ACS Style

Dariusz Kotowski; Silvia Luzzati; Guido Scavia; Marco Cavazzini; Alberto Bossi; Marinella Catellani; Erika Kozma. The effect of perylene diimides chemical structure on the photovoltaic performance of P3HT/perylene diimides solar cells. Dyes and Pigments 2015, 120, 57 -64.

AMA Style

Dariusz Kotowski, Silvia Luzzati, Guido Scavia, Marco Cavazzini, Alberto Bossi, Marinella Catellani, Erika Kozma. The effect of perylene diimides chemical structure on the photovoltaic performance of P3HT/perylene diimides solar cells. Dyes and Pigments. 2015; 120 ():57-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dariusz Kotowski; Silvia Luzzati; Guido Scavia; Marco Cavazzini; Alberto Bossi; Marinella Catellani; Erika Kozma. 2015. "The effect of perylene diimides chemical structure on the photovoltaic performance of P3HT/perylene diimides solar cells." Dyes and Pigments 120, no. : 57-64.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in Materials Chemistry and Physics
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ACS Style

Erika Kozma; Dariusz Kotowski; Marinella Catellani; Silvia Luzzati; Marco Cavazzini; Alberto Bossi; Simonetta Orlandi; Fabio Bertini. Design of perylene diimides for organic solar cell: Effect of molecular steric hindrance and extended conjugation. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2015, 163, 152 -160.

AMA Style

Erika Kozma, Dariusz Kotowski, Marinella Catellani, Silvia Luzzati, Marco Cavazzini, Alberto Bossi, Simonetta Orlandi, Fabio Bertini. Design of perylene diimides for organic solar cell: Effect of molecular steric hindrance and extended conjugation. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2015; 163 ():152-160.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erika Kozma; Dariusz Kotowski; Marinella Catellani; Silvia Luzzati; Marco Cavazzini; Alberto Bossi; Simonetta Orlandi; Fabio Bertini. 2015. "Design of perylene diimides for organic solar cell: Effect of molecular steric hindrance and extended conjugation." Materials Chemistry and Physics 163, no. : 152-160.

Conference paper
Published: 29 January 2015 in MRS Proceedings
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Core substituted perylene diimides (PDIs) are promising candidates as non-fullerene acceptor materials for organic solar cells. The functionalization of PDIs in the bay positions using chemical groups with different electron donating abilities and with steric hindrance is a versatile tool to modify both the optoelectronic properties and the morphology in the solid state. Herein we present two new PDI based molecules having bulky aromatic substituents linked into the bay positions: PDI-SF with spirobifluorene group and PDI-BSF with bithienyl-spirobifluorene moieties. The high steric hindrance of spirobifluorene reduce the tendency to form aggregates that has been identified as a limiting factor for the photovoltaic performances in PDI based solar cells. The PDI molecules were tested as electron acceptors in bulk heterojunction solar cells with P3HT as electron donor. Power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 1.58% and 1.18% were obtained for PDI-SF and PDI-BSF devices.

ACS Style

D. Kotowski; Silvia Luzzati; E. Kozma; M. Catellani. N-type semiconducting perylene diimide based molecules for organic solar cells. MRS Proceedings 2015, 1733, 1 .

AMA Style

D. Kotowski, Silvia Luzzati, E. Kozma, M. Catellani. N-type semiconducting perylene diimide based molecules for organic solar cells. MRS Proceedings. 2015; 1733 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Kotowski; Silvia Luzzati; E. Kozma; M. Catellani. 2015. "N-type semiconducting perylene diimide based molecules for organic solar cells." MRS Proceedings 1733, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2014 in Advanced Functional Materials
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On page 7410, L. Beverina, S. Brovelli, and co‐workers demonstrate a new paradigm for fine tuning the phase segregation in small‐molecule solar cells based on the post‐deposition exploitation of latent hydrogen bonding. Thermally activating latent conjugated pigments fine‐tunes and stabilizes the nanoscale film connectivity, thereby simultaneously optimizing charge generation and transport processes, resulting in over 20‐fold increase of the photovoltaic efficiency.

ACS Style

Francesco Bruni; Mauro Sassi; Marcello Campione; Umberto Giovanella; Riccardo Ruffo; Silvia Luzzati; Francesco Meinardi; Luca Beverina; Sergio Brovelli. Photovoltaics: Post-Deposition Activation of Latent Hydrogen-Bonding: A New Paradigm for Enhancing the Performances of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells (Adv. Funct. Mater. 47/2014). Advanced Functional Materials 2014, 24, 7394 -7394.

AMA Style

Francesco Bruni, Mauro Sassi, Marcello Campione, Umberto Giovanella, Riccardo Ruffo, Silvia Luzzati, Francesco Meinardi, Luca Beverina, Sergio Brovelli. Photovoltaics: Post-Deposition Activation of Latent Hydrogen-Bonding: A New Paradigm for Enhancing the Performances of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells (Adv. Funct. Mater. 47/2014). Advanced Functional Materials. 2014; 24 (47):7394-7394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Bruni; Mauro Sassi; Marcello Campione; Umberto Giovanella; Riccardo Ruffo; Silvia Luzzati; Francesco Meinardi; Luca Beverina; Sergio Brovelli. 2014. "Photovoltaics: Post-Deposition Activation of Latent Hydrogen-Bonding: A New Paradigm for Enhancing the Performances of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells (Adv. Funct. Mater. 47/2014)." Advanced Functional Materials 24, no. 47: 7394-7394.

Journals
Published: 02 December 2014 in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
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A numerical analysis of optical absorption and photocurrent data reveals extensive interdiffusion in P3HT:PCBM bilayer devices.

ACS Style

Mosé Casalegno; Dariusz Kotowski; Andrea Bernardi; Silvia Luzzati; Riccardo Po; Guido Raos. The effect of donor content on the efficiency of P3HT:PCBM bilayers: optical and photocurrent spectral data analyses. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2014, 17, 2447 -2456.

AMA Style

Mosé Casalegno, Dariusz Kotowski, Andrea Bernardi, Silvia Luzzati, Riccardo Po, Guido Raos. The effect of donor content on the efficiency of P3HT:PCBM bilayers: optical and photocurrent spectral data analyses. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014; 17 (4):2447-2456.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mosé Casalegno; Dariusz Kotowski; Andrea Bernardi; Silvia Luzzati; Riccardo Po; Guido Raos. 2014. "The effect of donor content on the efficiency of P3HT:PCBM bilayers: optical and photocurrent spectral data analyses." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 4: 2447-2456.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2014 in Materials Chemistry and Physics
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ACS Style

Erika Kozma; Dariusz Kotowski; Francesco Galeotti; Marinella Catellani; Silvia Luzzati; Fabio Bertini. New diketopyrrolopyrrole based D–A–D π-conjugated molecules: Synthesis, optical, electrochemical, morphological and photovoltaic properties. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2014, 147, 365 -370.

AMA Style

Erika Kozma, Dariusz Kotowski, Francesco Galeotti, Marinella Catellani, Silvia Luzzati, Fabio Bertini. New diketopyrrolopyrrole based D–A–D π-conjugated molecules: Synthesis, optical, electrochemical, morphological and photovoltaic properties. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2014; 147 (3):365-370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erika Kozma; Dariusz Kotowski; Francesco Galeotti; Marinella Catellani; Silvia Luzzati; Fabio Bertini. 2014. "New diketopyrrolopyrrole based D–A–D π-conjugated molecules: Synthesis, optical, electrochemical, morphological and photovoltaic properties." Materials Chemistry and Physics 147, no. 3: 365-370.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2014 in Advanced Functional Materials
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Small conjugated molecules (SM) are gaining momentum as an alternative to semiconducting polymers for the production of solution‐processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. The major issue with SM‐BHJs is the low carrier mobility due to the scarce control on the phase‐segregation process and consequent lack of preferential percolative pathways for electrons and holes to the extraction electrodes. Here, a new paradigm for fine tuning the phase‐segregation in SM‐BHJs, based on the post‐deposition exploitation of latent hydrogen bonding in binary mixtures of PCBM with suitably functionalized electron donor molecules, is demonstrated. The strategy consist in the chemical protection of the H‐bond forming sites of the donor species with a thermo‐labile functionality whose controlled thermal cleavage leads to the formation of stable, crystalline, phase‐separated molecular aggregates. This approach allows the fine tuning of the nanoscale film connectivity and thereby to simultaneously optimize the generation of geminate carriers at the donor–acceptor interfaces and the extraction of free charges via ordered phase‐separated domains. As a result, the PV efficiency undergoes an over twenty‐fold increase with respect to control devices. This strategy, demonstrated here with mixtures of diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives with PCBM can be extended to other molecular systems for achieving highly efficient SM‐BHJ solar cells.

ACS Style

Francesco Bruni; Mauro Sassi; Marcello Campione; Umberto Giovanella; Riccardo Ruffo; Silvia Luzzati; Francesco Meinardi; Luca Beverina; Sergio Brovelli. Post-Deposition Activation of Latent Hydrogen-Bonding: A New Paradigm for Enhancing the Performances of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Advanced Functional Materials 2014, 24, 7410 -7419.

AMA Style

Francesco Bruni, Mauro Sassi, Marcello Campione, Umberto Giovanella, Riccardo Ruffo, Silvia Luzzati, Francesco Meinardi, Luca Beverina, Sergio Brovelli. Post-Deposition Activation of Latent Hydrogen-Bonding: A New Paradigm for Enhancing the Performances of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Advanced Functional Materials. 2014; 24 (47):7410-7419.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Bruni; Mauro Sassi; Marcello Campione; Umberto Giovanella; Riccardo Ruffo; Silvia Luzzati; Francesco Meinardi; Luca Beverina; Sergio Brovelli. 2014. "Post-Deposition Activation of Latent Hydrogen-Bonding: A New Paradigm for Enhancing the Performances of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells." Advanced Functional Materials 24, no. 47: 7410-7419.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2013 in Dyes and Pigments
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Two new perylene diimide molecules, 1, 7-bis(1-naphtyl)-N,N0-bis-(10-nonadecyl)-perylene-3,4,9,10-bis (dicarboximide) PDI-2 and 1,7-bis(5-acenaphtenyl)-N,N0-bis-(10-nonadecyl)-perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) PDI-3 have been synthesized and used as acceptor components in P3HT/PDI bulk heterojunction solar cells. The introduction of fused aromatic rings into the bay positions of the perylene core creates a stong steric hindrance, twisting the perylene plane with a direct consequence on the pep intramolecular interactions between the adjacent PDIs. All these features contribute to the reduction of molecular aggregation in the solid state, with a strong influence on the performances of P3HT/PDI photovoltaic devices

ACS Style

Erika Kozma; Dariusz Kotowski; Marinella Catellani; Silvia Luzzati; Antonino Famulari; Fabio Bertini. Synthesis and characterization of new electron acceptor perylene diimide molecules for photovoltaic applications. Dyes and Pigments 2013, 99, 329 -338.

AMA Style

Erika Kozma, Dariusz Kotowski, Marinella Catellani, Silvia Luzzati, Antonino Famulari, Fabio Bertini. Synthesis and characterization of new electron acceptor perylene diimide molecules for photovoltaic applications. Dyes and Pigments. 2013; 99 (2):329-338.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erika Kozma; Dariusz Kotowski; Marinella Catellani; Silvia Luzzati; Antonino Famulari; Fabio Bertini. 2013. "Synthesis and characterization of new electron acceptor perylene diimide molecules for photovoltaic applications." Dyes and Pigments 99, no. 2: 329-338.

Journals
Published: 01 January 2013 in RSC Advances
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The bay-substitution of perylene diimide molecules with fused aromatic rings affects both the core structure and the aggregation properties. The photovoltaic performance of P3HT:perylene diimide solar cells show efficiencies twofold higher than the best result obtained in the literature for similar devices.

ACS Style

Erika Kozma; Dariusz Kotowski; Silvia Luzzati; Marinella Catellani; Fabio Bertini; Antonino Famulari; Guido Raos. Improving the efficiency of P3HT:perylene diimide solar cells via bay-substitution with fused aromatic rings. RSC Advances 2013, 3, 9185 -9188.

AMA Style

Erika Kozma, Dariusz Kotowski, Silvia Luzzati, Marinella Catellani, Fabio Bertini, Antonino Famulari, Guido Raos. Improving the efficiency of P3HT:perylene diimide solar cells via bay-substitution with fused aromatic rings. RSC Advances. 2013; 3 (24):9185-9188.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erika Kozma; Dariusz Kotowski; Silvia Luzzati; Marinella Catellani; Fabio Bertini; Antonino Famulari; Guido Raos. 2013. "Improving the efficiency of P3HT:perylene diimide solar cells via bay-substitution with fused aromatic rings." RSC Advances 3, no. 24: 9185-9188.