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Many of the decisions relating to future urban development require information on climate change risks to cities This review of the academic and “grey” literature provides an overview assessment of the state of the art in the quantification and valuation of climate risks at the city-scale. We find that whilst a small number of cities, mostly in OECD countries, have derived quantitative estimates of the costs of climate change risks under alternative scenarios, this form of analysis is in its infancy. The climate risks most frequently addressed in existing studies are associated with sea-level rise, health and water resources. Other sectors such as energy, transport, and built infrastructure remain less studied. The review has also undertaken a case study to examine the progress in two cities—London and New York—which are relatively advanced in the assessment of climate risks and adaptation. The case studies show that these cities have benefited from stakeholder engagement at an early stage in their risk assessments. They have also benefited from the development of specific institutional responsibilities for co-ordinating such research from the outset. This involvement has been critical in creating momentum and obtaining resources for subsequent in-depth analysis of sectoral impacts and adaptation needs..While low cost climate down-scaling applications would be useful in future research, the greatest priority is to develop responses that can work within the high future uncertainty of future climate change, to build resilience and maintain flexibility. This can best be used within the context of established risk management practices.
Alistair Hunt; Paul Watkiss. Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: a review of the literature. Climatic Change 2010, 104, 13 -49.
AMA StyleAlistair Hunt, Paul Watkiss. Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: a review of the literature. Climatic Change. 2010; 104 (1):13-49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlistair Hunt; Paul Watkiss. 2010. "Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: a review of the literature." Climatic Change 104, no. 1: 13-49.
The emergence of transboundary environmental problems, including climate change and the depletion of the ozone layer, has led to the establishment of a number of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). To date, over 200 such agreements have been made. These MEAs may have important impacts on trade, either directly through trade measures or indirectly through the changing of relative prices through mitigation measures. This chapter will investigate these impacts on trade of MEAs.
Tim Taylor; Alistair Hunt; Anil Markandya. Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the Trade and Environment Nexus. Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe 2004, 85 -110.
AMA StyleTim Taylor, Alistair Hunt, Anil Markandya. Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the Trade and Environment Nexus. Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe. 2004; ():85-110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTim Taylor; Alistair Hunt; Anil Markandya. 2004. "Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the Trade and Environment Nexus." Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe , no. : 85-110.
Within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol the industrialised countries committed themselves to a reduction of their greenhouse gas emissions during the period from 2008 to 2012. The flexible mechanisms defined within the Kyoto Protocol are designed to achieve cost-effectiveness of emissions reduction by allowing countries to reduce emissions abroad, either in other Annex B countries, or in non Annex B countries. However, in determining the split of reduction measures between abroad and at home, transaction cost and risk elements that might be associated with the operation of these instruments are not usually taken into account. This paper evaluates the importance of transaction costs and risk premia with respect to the flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. It examines their effect on the up-take of these policy instruments and provides information on how to reduce these cost elements.
Frauke Eckermann; Marcus Stronzik; Alistair Hunt; Tim Taylor. Risk and Transaction Costs. Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe 2004, 175 -203.
AMA StyleFrauke Eckermann, Marcus Stronzik, Alistair Hunt, Tim Taylor. Risk and Transaction Costs. Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe. 2004; ():175-203.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrauke Eckermann; Marcus Stronzik; Alistair Hunt; Tim Taylor. 2004. "Risk and Transaction Costs." Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe , no. : 175-203.