Francisella tularensis (Ft) is the etiological agent of tularemia, a disease known for over 100 years in the northern hemisphere. Ft includes four subspecies, of which two are the etiologic agents of tularemia: Ft subsp. tularensis (Ftt) and Ft subsp. holarctica (Fth), mainly distributed in North America and the whole northern hemisphere, respectively. Several routes of human infection with these bacteria exist, notably through bites of Ixodidae ticks. However, mosquitoes represent the main vectors of Fth in Scandinavia, where large tularemia outbreaks have occurred, usually during the warm season. The mechanisms making mosquitoes vectors of Fth are still unclear. This review covers the inventory of research work and epidemiological data linking tularemia to mosquitoes in Scandinavia and highlights the gaps in understanding mosquitoes and Ft interactions.

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a major transboundary viral disease affecting cattle, characterized by cutaneous nodules, fever, and systemic manifestations. In Algeria, its recent emergence poses significant threats to livestock health and the agricultural economy. This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of LSD outbreaks and assess associated biochemical alterations in infected cattle. Epidemiological data were collected from veterinary surveillance reports and analyzed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The results revealed a wide geographic spread of LSD, with a higher concentration of outbreaks in northern regions during the summer, highlighting the role of climatic conditions and vector activity in disease transmission. Biochemical analysis showed significant differences between infected and healthy cattle. Infected animals exhibited lower glucose levels and significant increases in urea and creatinine, along with decreased total proteins, albumin, and globulins. Liver enzymes (AST and ALT) were significantly elevated, while calcium levels were markedly reduced (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that LSD is a systemic disease associated with metabolic and organ dysfunctions. Integrating biochemical parameters with epidemiological surveillance could improve disease monitoring and control strategies.

Since its first detection in 2010, Aedes albopictus has spread across northern Algeria, where vector control relies on the use of chemical insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of Ae. albopictus populations from Algiers to commonly used larvicides and adulticides, as well as to characterize the underlying resistance mechanisms. Eggs were collected from three sites in Algiers. The susceptibility of larvae to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), as well as that of adults to permethrin, deltamethrin, malathion, and bendiocarb was evaluated using WHO bioassays. Genotyping of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations was performed via PCR and sequencing. Metabolic resistance mechanisms were investigated using CDC bottle bioassays. The larvae were found to be susceptible to temephos and Bti. Bioassays on adults demonstrated susceptibility to deltamethrin, suspected resistance to permethrin, and resistance to malathion and bendiocarb. Genotyping revealed low frequencies of heterozygous kdr mutations (V1016G, I1532T, F1534C/S). Synergist assays highlighted the key role of esterases in malathion resistance, a minimal involvement of glutathione S-transferases and an unexpected antagonistic effect of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Although larvicides remain effective, resistance to organophosphates, carbamates, as well as suspected resistance to permethrin, has been detected. Esterase-mediated metabolic resistance and kdr mutations may contribute to this profile. These findings highlight the need for resistance monitoring and integrated vector control to ensure sustainable control of Ae. albopictus.