The effect of forest fire on soil is complex and relatively less understood than its above ground effect. Understanding the effect of fire on forest soils can allow improving management of valuable forest ecosystems as adequate and proper information is very important for efficient management. We have studied the recovery of soil properties after fire, using a chronosequence approach (two, five and fifteen years after fire and control). Soil samples were collected from each plot of four fire patches (B0, B2, B5 & B15) from three different depths viz. 0–10 (Top), 10–20 (Middle), and 20–30 cm (Bottom). Soil organic carbon was lower than unburned plots after the fire and could not recover to the level of unburned plot (B0) even in 15 years. Total N, available P, and extractable K were lower 2-years and 5-years after the fire but are higher than unburned plot after 15-years. Available nitrogen (NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺) remain unchanged or higher than B0 in burned patches. Soil pH, Bulk Density, Water Holding Capacity, and Electrical Conductivity was lower initially after the fire. Forest fires have affected soil properties considerably. The response of soil properties varied with years after fire and soil depth. Forest fires occur very frequently in the study area. Significant quantities of carbon and total nitrogen are lost to the atmosphere by burning of litter, duff, and soil OM. Because nitrogen is one of the most important soil nutrients, the recapture of N lost by volatilization during a fire must receive special attention. Long-term studies are required to better understand the recovery of soil nitrogen.

The study was conducted in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, in the Western Ghats to understand the effect of a single fire event on tree diversity and regeneration status. Four forest patches were selected which were unburned, 2-year-old burn, 5-year-old burn, and 15-year-old burn. Three 0.1 ha square plots were laid randomly in all four patches and analyzed for tree diversity, stand structure, and regeneration of tree species. A total of 4129 individuals of tree species were recorded in field surveys, comprising 3474 seedlings, 121 saplings, and 534 trees. Totally, 40 tree species were recorded in study plots, from which 28 species were seedlings, 16 species were saplings, and 37 species were at tree stages. Tree diversity decreased in 2-year-old and 5-year-old burnt plots and was reached to the level of unburnt plots in 15 years of interval. Stems of small size classes started increasing after the fire. Seedling density increased linearly in subsequent years after fire but sapling and tree density recorded less than control in B2 but was higher in B5 and B15. The overall fire affected diversity, but regeneration showed a positive trend.

Urban forests undoubtedly play a foremost role in mitigating the climate change impacts, also contributes to the quality of urban society thereby providing numerous environmental, ecological, psychological and socio-ecological benefits. Particularly knowing any forest's structure, function and value head from its inventory of diversity and richness. So to better understand the above mentioned and their ecosystem service, a work has been conducted in the urban forest patch of Puducherry. Keeping the importance of urban forest patch in a study to access the tree diversity, biomass and carbon stock of the urban forest patch of Puducherry, India has been undertaken. For quantitative assessment, an area of 1 hectare comprising, 25 plots of 20×20m was studied and all trees ≥ 10 cm gbh were enumerated. As a whole, 30 tree species were enumerated belonging to 17 families and 30 genera. Tree number accounted for 586 stems per hectare, the basal area was found to be 34.273 m² ha⁻¹. The total biomass and carbon stock of the patch were found to be 278.22Mgha⁻¹ and 139.11MgCha⁻¹ respectively. This baseline study will further be used to analyze its various components and its ecosystem services, inspiring for its better management.

It has been found in the last 3–4 decades that different ecosystems in the tropical regions contributed maximum trace gases (CH₄ and N₂O) to atmosphere. Terrestrial ecosystems in tropics, sub-tropics and in temperate regions are the well-known sources and sinks of important GHGs (green house gases). Nowadays, developing countries of Asia Pacific regions are contributing a maximum amount of these trace gases at the global scale. Anthropogenic activities and changing environmental conditions alter the dynamics of different ecosystems that stimulate GHGs emission in the last few years. A higher concentration of CO₂ and temperature in soil enhance microbial activity. The techniques for sampling, estimation and future prediction of fluxes of these trace gases from different types of ecosystem are still undergoing changes with the advancement in knowledge of microbiology, geology and technology. This review discusses GHG, mainly methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission estimated from different ecosystems, advancement in estimation technology and the key controlling factors for their emission around the world.