This paper proposes a simple and computationally efficient algorithm for the detection and localization of early tumors (<5 mm) in the breast tissues. The feasibility of the proposed technique is demonstrated with three-dimensional EM simulators and validated with experimental results on a breast phantom using wideband patch antenna operating in 2.4–4.7 GHz band. The proposed method identifies the tumor location and the depth of the tumor. This is accomplished by employing a mean value approach and an efficient algorithm. Average value of the backscattered signal received by the antenna at different location is considered in the mean value technique. The depth of tumor is identified by Ground Penetrating Radar algorithm which employs the backscattered signals from the breast tissues. These data are converted to B-scan image which in turn gives the depth of the tumor. The results obtained in the experiment are in congruence with the simulated results. In the experimental analysis, the tumor location is identified when the size of the tumor is large owing to the low sensitivity of the antenna.

Software radio has emerged as a focus of both academic research and commercial development for future wireless systems. This paper briefly reviews the foundation concepts of the Software Radio. It then characterizes the tradeoffs among core software-radio technologies. Object oriented analysis leads to the definition of the radio reference platform and the related layered object-oriented architecture supporting simultaneous hardware and software evolution. Research issues include layering, tunneling, virtual machines and intelligent agents.

This paper presents a more improved method to characterise the breast tissue by employing a unique microstrip antenna. The pattern of the proposed antenna consists of a radiating patch with a rectangular slot, three stubs, a feed-line and a partial ground plane. Several parameters are used to analyse the microstrip antenna. The antenna designed provides a wide usable frequency band range from 2.4-4.76 GHz. In order to observe the interaction between the antenna and breast tissue, a heterogeneous breast model having dielectric characteristics similar to the human tissue is used. The tumour in the breast tissue is analysed by measuring the resonant frequency of the reflected signal. The results show that the shift in resonant frequency decreases as the size of tumour increases due to dielectric variation in the breast tissue.

Aims: This work was focused on the detection of early-stage breast tumors and their location. Background: The most frequently seen disease progression and mortality in women's lives is Breast Cancer. Because of breast cancer/tumors, the risk of mortality for women has risen exponentially. From the 2020 deadline for breast cancer, women who died from carcinoma were 123.8 cases per lac women between 2006-2010. This problem is also overcome by the early identification of the tumor using different detection procedures like X-ray mammography, computerized tomography, ultrasound imaging technique, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), microwave imaging. Researchers carried out multiple studies in these areas. Objective: To detect early-stage breast tumors and their location using SAR analysis. Methods: The major dielectrical difference between cancerous breast tissues and normal tissues in this technique is the microwave frequency range. The term Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) describes the amount of energy which is absorbed (W/kg) in the breast tissue. This segment illustrates the usefulness to diagnose the tumor position in the breast by means of maximum SAR value coordinates. Changes in breast and tumor size are important for the risk of diagnosis. The power absorbed in connecting with a normal breast and a tumor breast is measured and equivalent for different breast masses. The maximum SAR is also analyzed at distinct tumor locations at various frequency ranges. Results: It is observed that max SAR coordinates are very close to the actual tumor location. So, the maximal value of SAR coordinates indicates the existence of a tumor in the breast phantom. Conclusion: The simulated data above strongly suggests that the Max SAR values were higher in the breast phantom with tumor as compared to the breast without tumor. With different tumor radius (3 mm and 5 mm) analyzed with different resonant frequencies like 3GHz, 4GHz and 5GHz at the actual tumor location of (0, 0, 35). Even though a model representing the real properties of breast tissue is required to assess the validation of any imaging process, so the real-time development of an equivalent breast phantom and its execution is needed.

Dielectric windows often limit the power handling capability of vacuum electron devices. It is necessary to choose the right dielectric material for high power applications. Depending upon the power level, a range of materials has been used in various systems. The ideal material should have high mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, high electrical breakdown voltage, low dielectric loss, favourable dielectric constant and easy joinability to metal parts. In order to make a judicious compromise between the material with highly desirable properties and easy availability, sapphire is chosen for the present work. UHV grade joining technique between sapphire and metal has been developed. The dimensions of the dielectric and other components in a pill-box type window design have been optimised using HFSS. The heat transfer and cooling parameters have been optimised using numerical techniques. The design details, fabrication processes and low-power characterisation will be discussed in the paper.

This paper consists of a compact polarization-independent dual-band pass Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) for smart phone safety application. The FSS structure is entrenched in FR-4 substrate, which acts as a band pass filter for a frequency of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. These two pass band frequencies are independently controlled by tuning the unit cell geometrical parameters. The unit cell shows a symmetrical shape to enable constant performance in both TE and TM mode. By considering different angles (0°- 60°) for the incidence of waves and the angular stability is verified. The proposed unit cell structure is developed with the help of CST microwave studio. The performance of the proposed FSS were validated with the help of simulated and measured results. In reflection mode analysis, the specific frequency is passed and the remaining frequencies received at the receiving end are attenuated near to 30 dB. The accurate results are obtained at 2.25 GHz and 4.77 GHz.