Power allocation in wind-powered multi-stack proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis depends on both load-dependent efficiency and thermal response. This study evaluates coordinated allocation, stack rotation and temperature control for four parallel 200 kW stacks. A control-oriented model couples electrochemical and thermal dynamics with rectifier losses and hydrogen compression power. Particle swarm optimisation determines the allocation, an equivalent health index guides stack rotation, and model predictive control (MPC) tracks temperature references from an offline stack-efficiency map. Predicted polarisation voltages differ from experimental data by no more than 1.4% at 313 and 333 K. In annual simulations, rotation reduces the cross-stack index standard deviation from 725.10 to 2.92 h. MPC achieves a simulated temperature-tracking root mean square error of 0.019 K, 91.12% below that of fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative control. Across three representative wind power scenarios, the probability-weighted daily hydrogen production is 199.85 kg, 0.59% above optimal allocation at 333 K. The corresponding increases over equal and sequential allocation are 1.26% and 2.43%, respectively. These results quantify the additional hydrogen yield from load-dependent temperature control and the operating-load balance obtained through stack rotation under the evaluated conditions.

Co-located floating offshore wind and wave energy systems offer a potential pathway toward sustainable offshore renewable energy development by sharing marine space and station-keeping infrastructure. This study numerically investigates the motion and mooring responses of a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) in a co-located floating wind–wave system, in which the FOWT and a point-absorber wave energy converter (WEC) are connected through a shared mooring line. A fully coupled OpenF2A time-domain model was established to simulate wind-turbine aero–servo–elastic responses, multibody hydrodynamics, PTO forces, and dynamic mooring responses. Parametric and comparative analyses were conducted for different FOWT–WEC spacings, wind and wave conditions, and environmental headings. The spacing effect was non-monotonic, and L/d = 11, corresponding to approximately 88 m, produced the lowest FOWT offset and relatively low finite-duration maximum mooring tensions among the examined cases. Wind-induced surge and pitch responses peaked near the rated wind speed, while more severe sea states mainly broadened the response distributions. The influence of the shared line was strongly direction-dependent and could increase FOWT offset, rotation, and individual mooring-line loads under unfavorable headings. These findings provide engineering insights into the reliable design of co-located wind–wave energy systems with shared mooring infrastructure, thereby supporting the sustainable development of offshore renewable energy.

This study investigates the coupled quasi-static response and stable-state switching behavior of mechanically prestressed rhombic bistable composite laminates under internal pneumatic pressurization and external mechanical loading. A rhombic bistable composite laminate with embedded fluidic channels is proposed, where pneumatic pressurization is employed to reconfigure the deformation state and modulate the coupling between the laminate morphology and external actuation loads. An efficient reduced-order analytical model is developed to capture the interactions among geometric configuration, prestrain distribution, internal pressure, and external mechanical loading, enabling the rapid prediction of the deformation evolution and load–deflection response under coupled loading conditions. The main innovation of this work is integrating rhombic geometric tailoring, intrinsic pneumatic actuation, and multimode external loading into a unified analytical framework. The results demonstrate that the interior angle, prestrain distribution, and loading mode can effectively regulate equilibrium morphology, snap-through energy, and actuation efficiency. Parametric analyses reveal that the rhombic geometry introduces pronounced shear–bending coupling, providing an additional geometric degree of freedom for tailoring bistable configurations and energy barriers. In particular, a smaller interior angle generally reduces the snap-through energy barrier, whereas front-side prestrain increases the energy required for stable-state switching by enhancing the initial curvature. Comparisons among different loading modes further show that transverse point loading provides the highest energy conversion efficiency, in-plane loading requires the largest input energy, and pressure-assisted actuation exhibits intermediate efficiency. These findings provide fundamental insights and practical design guidelines for programmable morphing and load-efficient stable-state switching for rhombic composite laminates operating under coupled internal–external loading environments.