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Understanding combinations of biogenic and anthropogenic inputs, and dynamics of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in the urban environment is critical to investigate feedback between carbon cycle and climate system. The main objectives of this study are to analyse the role and interactions of anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 emission sources and sinks in the total carbon cycle within city limits, determine processes controlling urban ecosystem-atmosphere gas exchange under varying environmental conditions with a high temporal and spatial resolution. The research addressing this issue was carried out in Wroclaw, the fourth largest city in Poland, throughout the year from July 2017 to August 2018. Chamber measurements of surface-atmosphere CO2 and CO2 net fluxes across various types of land cover (grassland, city park and arable land) provided the basis for assessing biogenic component of the urban C budget. In particular, the approach applied Picarro CRDS (cavity ring-down spectroscopy) technique with model G2201-I. Anthropogenic C fluxes were reported based on local statistical datasets and existing emission inventories, as well as the Low Emission Economy Plan from the Wroclaw urban area. The findings showed that biogenic fluxes, over the course of one year, accounted for about 16.3% (RESP = 0.68 Mton CO2·yr−1) of the total city carbon emissions for Wroclaw, being entirely compensated by local vegetation C uptake (GEE = −0.89 Mt. CO2·yr−1). Compared to fluxes given by the previously reported emission inventory, the net biogenic CO2 sink (NEE) of 0.201 Mt. CO2·yr−1 was substantially greater, which indicates that the biosphere in Wroclaw is a net biogenic C sink. The average annual C budget in Wroclaw, obtained from the investigation of sectoral emission trends including those related to energy, road traffic, industrial processes, and other fluxes (human respiration), reaches about 3.87 kg C·m−2·yr−1.
Yaroslav Bezyk; Izabela Sówka; Maciej Górka. Assessment of urban CO2 budget: Anthropogenic and biogenic inputs. Urban Climate 2021, 39, 100949 .
AMA StyleYaroslav Bezyk, Izabela Sówka, Maciej Górka. Assessment of urban CO2 budget: Anthropogenic and biogenic inputs. Urban Climate. 2021; 39 ():100949.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaroslav Bezyk; Izabela Sówka; Maciej Górka. 2021. "Assessment of urban CO2 budget: Anthropogenic and biogenic inputs." Urban Climate 39, no. : 100949.
Understanding the magnitude and distribution of the mixes of the near-ground carbon dioxide (CO2) components spatially (related to the surface characteristics) and temporally (over seasonal timescales) is critical to evaluating present and future climate impacts. Thus, the application of in situ measurement approaches, combined with the spatial interpolation methods, will help to explore variations in source contribution to the total CO2 mixing ratios in the urban atmosphere. This study presents the spatial characteristic and temporal trend of atmospheric CO2 levels observed within the city of Wroclaw, Poland for the July 2017–August 2018 period. The seasonal variability of atmospheric CO2 around the city was directly measured at the selected sites using flask sampling with a Picarro G2201-I Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) technique. The current work aimed at determining the accuracy of the interpolation techniques and adjusting the interpolation parameters for estimating the magnitude of CO2 time series/seasonal variability in terms of limited observations during the vegetation and non-vegetation periods. The objective was to evaluate how different interpolation methods will affect the assessment of air pollutant levels in the urban environment and identify the optimal sampling strategy. The study discusses the schemes for optimization of the interpolation results that may be adopted in areas where no observations are available, which is based on the kriging error predictions for an appropriate spatial density of measurement locations. Finally, the interpolation results were extended regarding the average prediction bias by exploring additional experimental configurations and introducing the limitation of the future sampling strategy on the seasonal representation of the CO2 levels in the urban area.
Yaroslav Bezyk; Izabela Sówka; Maciej Górka; Jan Blachowski. GIS-Based Approach to Spatio-Temporal Interpolation of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations in Limited Monitoring Dataset. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 384 .
AMA StyleYaroslav Bezyk, Izabela Sówka, Maciej Górka, Jan Blachowski. GIS-Based Approach to Spatio-Temporal Interpolation of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations in Limited Monitoring Dataset. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (3):384.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaroslav Bezyk; Izabela Sówka; Maciej Górka; Jan Blachowski. 2021. "GIS-Based Approach to Spatio-Temporal Interpolation of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations in Limited Monitoring Dataset." Atmosphere 12, no. 3: 384.
Land-use and land-cover changes due to urban expansion is recognized as one of the crucial factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions. In this study, the land conversion effects on soil CO2 fluxes associated with temperate re-established grasslands within the Forest Botanical Garden found on an anthropogenic landform were investigated. The present work analyses the capabilities and requirements of the CALPUFF Lagrangian puff air quality modelling system to simulate the spatial distribution of ecosystem respired CO2 in the urban domain. The results are validated against the available observations of CO2 fluxes in the urban environment using the closed-chamber method with the measurements of the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of daytime soil-respired CO2. The isotope mass balance partitioning approach was applied to distinguish biogenic portions of CO2 from the admixture of atmospheric air. The spatial and temporal amplitude of the simulated CO2 concentrations from the CALPUFF model showed considerable agreement with the tracer measurements of the biogenic CO2 component in the near-ground air (0.25 m). In most cases, however, the CALPUFF predictions of ecosystem-derived CO2 showed a general tendency toward considerable underestimation of real concentration levels. Such discrepancies are related to the difficulties associated with the optimization of biospheric CO2 flux and uptake from ecosystems by means of local-scale modelling. The modelled results implied that the CALPUFF performance in the dispersion simulation of CO2 concentrations within the urban ecosystems is very sensitive to the initial meteorological conditions, grid resolution, measurement timescale, and the calculated gas flux rate from soils. A significant negative correlation was found between hourly values of the average modelled CO2 and observed wind speed during the entire study campaign (r = −0.58 and ρ = −0.82 for Pearson and Spearman statistics, respectively, p < 0.05). Moreover, analysis of the impact of the deposition parameters on changes in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide indicated significant dependency of the temporal CO2 distribution patterns on the precipitation-based events. According to the obtained estimates, the wet deposition rate during rain events was approximately two orders higher than the average dry deposition flux. Overall, the present case study indicates that the CALPUFF model has a rather acceptable predictive ability. A better agreement of model predictions and all field measurements, however, require further studies of CO2 exchange between the ecosystem and atmosphere and understanding where they need to be improved.
Yaroslav Bezyk; Dmytro Oshurok; Maxim Dorodnikov; Izabela Sówka. Evaluation of the CALPUFF model performance for the estimation of the urban ecosystem CO2 flux. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2020, 12, 260 -277.
AMA StyleYaroslav Bezyk, Dmytro Oshurok, Maxim Dorodnikov, Izabela Sówka. Evaluation of the CALPUFF model performance for the estimation of the urban ecosystem CO2 flux. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2020; 12 (3):260-277.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaroslav Bezyk; Dmytro Oshurok; Maxim Dorodnikov; Izabela Sówka. 2020. "Evaluation of the CALPUFF model performance for the estimation of the urban ecosystem CO2 flux." Atmospheric Pollution Research 12, no. 3: 260-277.
Within the research, on the premises of an agricultural plant, the odour concentration was measured, and the odour emission was determined. The obtained values allowed us to analyse the odour distribution using the Polish reference mathematical model for four different scenarios, including (1) all identified emission sources, i.e., point and surface: scenarios 1 and 2, and (2) only point sources, scenario 3 and 4. The values of the comparative level and the frequency of exceedances in scenarios 1 and 3 were based on the Polish draft act on counteracting odour nuisance, while the Dutch guidelines were used for scenarios 2 and 4. Model calculations showed the potential impact of the tested structure on adjacent residential areas, i.e., in scenarios 1 and 2, the permissible value of the frequency of exceedances was exceeded at all points representing residential buildings. The exceedances for scenario 3 and 4 took place in seven out of eight and two out of eight points, respectively. The results indicated that to accurately and reliably assess the odour impact and to determine the measures to prevent and reduce odour emissions, it is necessary to consider all types of emission sources in the facilities potentially causing odour nuisance.
Izabela Sówka; Marcin Pawnuk; Urszula Miller; Agnieszka Grzelka; Alicja Wroniszewska; Yaroslav Bezyk. Assessment of the Odour Impact Range of a Selected Agricultural Processing Plant. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7289 .
AMA StyleIzabela Sówka, Marcin Pawnuk, Urszula Miller, Agnieszka Grzelka, Alicja Wroniszewska, Yaroslav Bezyk. Assessment of the Odour Impact Range of a Selected Agricultural Processing Plant. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzabela Sówka; Marcin Pawnuk; Urszula Miller; Agnieszka Grzelka; Alicja Wroniszewska; Yaroslav Bezyk. 2020. "Assessment of the Odour Impact Range of a Selected Agricultural Processing Plant." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7289.
The choice of an odour nuisance assessment method depends on many factors, such as: the type and quantity of objects, the diversity and type of odour sources, the location of the object, the social situation and the number of complaints about odor nuisance, the type and physico-chemical parameters of the emitted gases and the conditions of dispersion of pollutants in the air. In most cases, in order to fully assess the situation and take integrated actions to reduce odour nuisance, both an instrumental/sensory analysis and a sociological research method should be used simultaneously. Such an approach enables researchers to get a real picture of the problem and develop the optimal and necessary minimization of odour impact solutions. The work presents the results of field and sociological research aimed at identifying odour sources and odour nuisance in a selected urban area located in the southern part of Poland. The studied area is complex in terms of the type and amount of odour emission sources, hence the use of several methods in the assessment of air quality was justified. The conducted research allowed the identification of emission sources and the extent of their impact on the area of the examined city and community.
Izabela Sówka; Urszula Miller; Yaroslav Bezyk; Alicja Nych; Agnieszka Grzelka; Łukasz Dąbrowski. Application of field inspections and odour observation diaries in the assessment of air quality and odour in urban areas. E3S Web of Conferences 2018, 45, 00086 .
AMA StyleIzabela Sówka, Urszula Miller, Yaroslav Bezyk, Alicja Nych, Agnieszka Grzelka, Łukasz Dąbrowski. Application of field inspections and odour observation diaries in the assessment of air quality and odour in urban areas. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018; 45 ():00086.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzabela Sówka; Urszula Miller; Yaroslav Bezyk; Alicja Nych; Agnieszka Grzelka; Łukasz Dąbrowski. 2018. "Application of field inspections and odour observation diaries in the assessment of air quality and odour in urban areas." E3S Web of Conferences 45, no. : 00086.
An assessment of C and N balance in urban soil compared to the natural environment was carried out to evaluate the influence of biological processes along with human-induced forcing. Soil C and N stocks were quantified on the samples (n=18) collected at 5 - 10 cm depth from dominated green areas and arable lands in the city of Wroclaw (Poland) and the relatively natural grassland located ca. 36 km south-west. Higher soil carbon and nitrogen levels (C/N ratio = 11.8) and greater microbial biomass C and N values (MBC = 95.3, MBN = 14.4 mg N kg-1) were measured in natural grassland compared with the citywide lawn sites (C/N ratio = 15.17, MBC = 84.3 mg C kg-1, MBN = 11.9 mg N kg-1), respectively. In contrast to the natural areas, the higher C and N concentration was measured in urban grass dominated soils (C = 2.7 % and N = 0.18 % of dry mass), which can be explained mainly due to the high soil bulk density and water holding capacity (13.8 % clay content). The limited availability of soil C and N content was seen under the arable soil (C = 1.23 %, N = 0.13 %) than in the studied grasslands. In fact, the significantly increased C/N ratios in urban grasslands are largely associated with land conversion and demonstrate that urban soils have the potential to be an important reservoir of C.
Izabela Sówka; Yaroslav Bezyk; Maxim Dorodnikov. C and N urban soil budget and its spatial differentiation in comparison with natural areas in the Wroclaw region of Poland. E3S Web of Conferences 2018, 45, 00085 .
AMA StyleIzabela Sówka, Yaroslav Bezyk, Maxim Dorodnikov. C and N urban soil budget and its spatial differentiation in comparison with natural areas in the Wroclaw region of Poland. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018; 45 ():00085.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzabela Sówka; Yaroslav Bezyk; Maxim Dorodnikov. 2018. "C and N urban soil budget and its spatial differentiation in comparison with natural areas in the Wroclaw region of Poland." E3S Web of Conferences 45, no. : 00085.
Understanding the origin and mechanisms controlling GHGs (CO2, CH4 and N2O) emission spatially and temporally is critical for evaluating future climate changes. Whether the controls on GHG dynamics in urban ecosystem are similar to those in natural ecosystems are not fully understood. In the current study, the aboveground (cover vegetation + soil) and soil (including autotrophic and heterotrophic) CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes and respective carbon stable isotopic composition (δ13C) of respired CO2 at natural abundance level were simultaneously measured from a re-established grassland in the urban area of central Germany. The static chamber system (combination of transparent and opaque modes) was applied to assess the effects of intensive vegetation growth during two weeks of April 2017. The values of CO2 fluxes obtained with both transparent and opaque chambers differed significantly due to the combined effects of the incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature on vegetation and belowground processes. The average value of measured CO2 flux with opaque chambers was 9.14 ± 1.9 (mg m-2 min-1) vs. 2.37 ± 0.9 (mg m-2 min-1) with transparent chambers for the re-established grassland. In contrast, soil CH4, as well as N2O fluxes were not different significantly for both opaque-transparent chamber measurements. Current magnitude provides the pattern of the urban ecosystem source/ sinks potential during ambient light conditions.
Yaroslav Bezyk; Maxim Dorodnikov; Agnieszka Grzelka; Alicja Nych. Characteristics of temporal variability of urban ecosystem-atmosphere CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes. E3S Web of Conferences 2018, 44, 00013 .
AMA StyleYaroslav Bezyk, Maxim Dorodnikov, Agnieszka Grzelka, Alicja Nych. Characteristics of temporal variability of urban ecosystem-atmosphere CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018; 44 ():00013.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaroslav Bezyk; Maxim Dorodnikov; Agnieszka Grzelka; Alicja Nych. 2018. "Characteristics of temporal variability of urban ecosystem-atmosphere CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes." E3S Web of Conferences 44, no. : 00013.
On-site odor measurements and mathematical modeling are useful for identifying the odor impact at the source and receptors located in areas adjacent to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Impact of open area sources can be significant and may influence air quality both at the WWTP area and downwind in the surrounding areas. In this work, results of the odor measurements carried out in the spring and summer season for sources within three different mechanical-biological WWTPs in Poland are presented. The odor impact assessment was completed using a Polish reference model. The odor emission scenarios considering the contribution of major odor sources within WWTPs and the seasonal variation were determined. Obtained results showed significant differences between spring and summer seasons. The highest and the lowest measured odor concentrations at the WWTP property line were 75 ouE/m3 (July) and 6.4 ouE/m3 (March), respectively.
Izabela Sówka; Yaroslav Bezyk; Agnieszka Grzelka; Urszula Miller; Łukasz Pachurka. Seasonal odor impact range of selected wastewater treatment plants – modeling studies using Polish reference model. Water Science and Technology 2018, 2017, 422 -429.
AMA StyleIzabela Sówka, Yaroslav Bezyk, Agnieszka Grzelka, Urszula Miller, Łukasz Pachurka. Seasonal odor impact range of selected wastewater treatment plants – modeling studies using Polish reference model. Water Science and Technology. 2018; 2017 (2):422-429.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzabela Sówka; Yaroslav Bezyk; Agnieszka Grzelka; Urszula Miller; Łukasz Pachurka. 2018. "Seasonal odor impact range of selected wastewater treatment plants – modeling studies using Polish reference model." Water Science and Technology 2017, no. 2: 422-429.
The relationship between stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C -CO2) of soil CO2 flux, vegetation cover and weather conditions was investigated in a short-term campaign at a temperate re-established grassland in Germany. During August-September 2016, we measured surface CO2 flux with a closed-chamber method at high and low soil moisture content (‘wet’, ‘dry’), with and without above ground vegetation (‘planted’, ‘clear-cut’) and estimated the effects of treatments on respective δ13C -CO2 values. The concentration and stable carbon isotope composition of CO2 were determined using the gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses. The δ13C -CO2 of the soil fluxes decreased over sampling time for the ‘dry-warm’ conditions and canopy manipulation. The ecosystem-derived δ13C -CO2 values (corrected for the atmospheric δ13C -CO2) which included predominately soil-and rhizosphere respiration were –26.2 ± 0.8‰ for the ‘dry-warm’ conditions and decreased down to –28.1 ± 1.4‰ over a period of 28 days from late August to the end of September. The decrease coincided with the lowering of CO2 flux and could be attributed to changes in plant physiological processes at the end of the vegetation season. Though the removal of shoots did not significantly affect the δ13C -CO2 values as compared with the control, the pattern of further δ13C -CO2 decrease (down to –28.8 ± 0.8‰) supported the role of living vegetation in a contribution of 13C-enriched CO2 to the ecosystem respiration.
Yaroslav Bezyk; Maxim Dorodnikov; Izabela Sówka. Effects of climate factors and vegetation on the CO2fluxes and δ13C from re-established grassland. E3S Web of Conferences 2017, 22, 17 .
AMA StyleYaroslav Bezyk, Maxim Dorodnikov, Izabela Sówka. Effects of climate factors and vegetation on the CO2fluxes and δ13C from re-established grassland. E3S Web of Conferences. 2017; 22 ():17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaroslav Bezyk; Maxim Dorodnikov; Izabela Sówka. 2017. "Effects of climate factors and vegetation on the CO2fluxes and δ13C from re-established grassland." E3S Web of Conferences 22, no. : 17.
E3S Web of Conferences, open access proceedings in environment, energy and earth sciences
Izabela Sόwka; Agnieszka Grzelka; Yaroslav Bezyk; Urszula Miller. GIS-based modelling of odour emitted from the waste processing plant: case study. E3S Web of Conferences 2017, 17, 00085 .
AMA StyleIzabela Sόwka, Agnieszka Grzelka, Yaroslav Bezyk, Urszula Miller. GIS-based modelling of odour emitted from the waste processing plant: case study. E3S Web of Conferences. 2017; 17 ():00085.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzabela Sόwka; Agnieszka Grzelka; Yaroslav Bezyk; Urszula Miller. 2017. "GIS-based modelling of odour emitted from the waste processing plant: case study." E3S Web of Conferences 17, no. : 00085.