Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is a well‐established risk factor for gastric cancer and has been linked to other gastrointestinal diseases, including pancreatic and biliary tract cancers; however, the relevance of enterohepatic non‐H. pylori helicobacters to the pathophysiology of these diseases remains unclear.Materials and Methods: We estimated the prevalence of two enterohepatic non‐H. pylori helicobacters (Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter bilis) in the framework of a hospital‐based case‐control study involving 121 patients with biliary tract cancer, pancreatic cancer, or other gastrointestinal diseases. Bile and blood samples were collected from the patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The presence of H. bilis, H. hepaticus, and other Helicobacter spp. was examined using bacterial culture, PCR‐based detection, and serological tests.Results: Culture of Helicobacter spp. from biliary brush samples was unsuccessful. Approximately 13.0% (15/115) of the bile samples collected from patients with a variety of gastrointestinal cancers, including pancreatic and biliary tract cancers, tested positive for one of the enterohepatic non‐H. pylori helicobacter species as determined by PCR. Specifically, H. bilis and H. hepaticus DNA were detected in 11 and 4 bile samples, respectively. Approximately 20%–40% of the patients tested positive for serum non‐H. pylori helicobacter IgG antibodies. The seroprevalence of H. bilis and H. hepaticus in the patients without evidence of H. pylori infection appeared to be higher in the pancreatic cancer group than in the control group.Conclusion: Our findings suggest a role for Helicobacter spp., especially H. bilis and H. hepaticus, in the etiology of pancreatic and biliary tract cancers.

Lantibiotics are a type of bacteriocin produced by Gram-positive bacteria and have a wide spectrum of Gram-positive antimicrobial activity. In this study, we determined that Mutacin I/III and Smb (a dipeptide lantibiotic), which are mainly produced by the widespread cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans, have strong antimicrobial activities against many of the Gram-positive bacteria which constitute the intestinal microbiota. These lantibiotics also demonstrate resistance to acid and temperature. Based on these features, we predicted that lantibiotics may be able to persist into the intestinal tract maintaining a strong antimicrobial activity, affecting the intestinal microbiota. Saliva and fecal samples from 69 subjects were collected to test this hypothesis and the presence of lantibiotics and the composition of the intestinal microbiota were examined. We demonstrate that subjects possessing lantibiotic-producing bacteria in their oral cavity exhibited a tendency of decreased species richness and have significantly reduced abundance of the phylum Firmicutes in their intestinal microbiota. Similar results were obtained in the fecal microbiota of mice fed with S. mutans culture supernatant containing the lantibiotic bacteriocin Mutacin I. These results showed that lantibiotic bacteriocins produced in the oral cavity perturb the intestinal microbiota and suggest that oral bacteria may be one of the causative factors of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.