Staphylococcus comprises up to two-thirds of all pathogens in orthopedic implant infections and they are the principal causative agents of two major types of infection affecting bone: septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, which involve the inflammatory destruction of joint and bone. Bacterial adhesion is the first and most important step in implant infection. It is a complex process influenced by environmental factors, bacterial properties, material surface properties and by the presence of serum or tissue proteins. Properties of the substrate, such as chemical composition of the material, surface charge, hydrophobicity, surface roughness and the presence of specific proteins at the surface, are all thought to be important in the initial cell attachment process. The biofilm mode of growth of infecting bacteria on an implant surface protects the organisms from the host immune system and antibiotic therapy. The research for novel therapeutic strategies is incited by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacte...

This review provides an overview of various materials used in dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgeries to replace or repair bone defects. The choice of material depends on factors such as tissue viability, size, shape, and defect volume. While small bone defects can regenerate naturally, extensive defects or loss or pathological fractures require surgical intervention and the use of substitute bones. Autologous bone, taken from the patient’s own body, is the gold standard for bone grafting but has drawbacks such as uncertain prognosis, surgery at the donor site, and limited availability. Other alternatives for medium and small-sized defects include allografts (from human donors), xenografts (from animals), and synthetic materials with osteoconductive properties. Allografts are carefully selected and processed human bone materials, while xenografts are derived from animals and possess similar chemical composition to human bone. Synthetic materials such as ceramics and bioactive glasses are used for small defects but may lack osteoinductivity and moldability. Calcium-phosphate-based ceramics, particularly hydroxyapatite, are extensively studied and commonly used due to their compositional similarity to natural bone. Additional components, such as growth factors, autogenous bone, and therapeutic elements, can be incorporated into synthetic or xenogeneic scaffolds to enhance their osteogenic properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of grafting materials in dentistry, discussing their properties, advantages, and disadvantages. It also highlights the challenges of analyzing in vivo and clinical studies to select the most suitable option for specific situations.

Antibiotics are drugs that target and destroy bacteria, and they are hailed as one of the most amazing medical breakthroughs of the 20th century. They have completely changed how we treat infections and have saved countless lives. But their usefulness is not limited to just medicine; they have also been used for many years in sectors like farming to prevent infections in animals, especially in less wealthy countries. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites to resist the effects of antimicrobial agents, like antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, that were once effective in treating infections caused by these organisms. AMR presents an intricate challenge that endangers the health of both humans and animals, as well as the global economy, and the security of nations and the world at large. Because resistant bacteria are swiftly appearing and spreading among humans, animals, and the environment worldwide, AMR is acknowledged as a challenge within the framework of One Health. The One Health approach involves cooperation among various fields to attain the best possible health outcomes for humans, animals, and the environment. It acknowledges the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. AMR is not merely a scientific or medical issue; it is a societal challenge that demands collective action and awareness. In the intricate tapestry of society, every thread contributes to the fabric of AMR, and every individual holds a stake in its resolution.