The tropical rainforest is one of the lushest and most important plant communities in Mexico’s tropical regions, yet its potential distribution has not been studied in current and future climate conditions. The aim of this paper was to propose priority areas for conservation based on ecological niche and species distribution modeling of 22 species with the greatest ecological importance at the climax stage. Geographic records were correlated with bioclimatic temperature and precipitation variables using Maxent and Kuenm software for each species. The best Maxent models were chosen based on statistical significance, complexity and predictive power, and current potential distributions were obtained from these models. Future potential distributions were projected with two climate change scenarios: HADGEM2_ES and GFDL_CM3 models and RCP 8.5 W/m² by 2075–2099. All potential distributions for each scenario were then assembled for further analysis. We found that 14 tropical rainforest species have the potential for distribution in 97.4% of the landscape currently occupied by climax vegetation (0.6% of the country). Both climate change scenarios showed a 3.5% reduction in their potential distribution and possible displacement to higher elevation regions. Areas are proposed for tropical rainforest conservation where suitable bioclimatic conditions are expected to prevail.

En México, el cacao es un cultivo tradicional con importancia multifuncional por su carácter agroforestal e histórico-biocultural. Sin embargo, su rol complementario en unidades productivas con una lógica de agricultura familiar ha sido poco estudiado en el país, incluso en Chiapas. Este trabajo buscó diagnosticar y caracterizar la multifuncionalidad de unidades productivas que incluyen cacao en el Soconusco, la principal región cacaotera de Chiapas. Se utilizó el diagnóstico agrario y el análisis de innovaciones agrícolas. Los instrumentos empleados fueron una revisión de literatura, entrevistas semiestructuradas y encuestas. Se seleccionaron a nueve productores con diferentes niveles de manejo y tipo de sistema agroforestal de los municipios Huixtla, Tuzantán, Huehuetán y Villa Comaltitlán. La multifuncionalidad se caracterizó con el método de análisis multicriterio (MCDA) de suma ponderada e información de campo. Los resultados mostraron diferencias en ingreso agrícola y sistemas productivos, con el cacao en un rol económico equivalente o secundario frente a cultivos como palma africana, mango, café robusta, ganadería y apicultura; la unidad productiva más multifuncional fue aquella que incluyó cacao (1 hectárea) y ganadería (6 hectáreas); en contraste, el sistema agroforestal más multifuncional fue un policultivo tradicional con manejo integrado (1.25 hectáreas). En varias unidades familiares los apoyos gubernamentales representaron más de 50 por ciento de los ingresos, especialmente en productores adultos mayores y parcelas de mayor superficie. Finalmente, se discutió la relevancia de los sistemas agroforestales para la sostenibilidad y la multifuncionalidad agraria del Soconusco, así como la necesidad de políticas públicas apropiadas.

Sustainable soil management is crucial for balancing agricultural productivity and soil health in Mollisols under long-term tillage systems. This study evaluated the effects of no-tillage (NT), minimum conservation tillage (MCT), and conventional tillage (CT) on soil properties and maize yield in an irrigated Mollisol in Chapingo, Mexico, over 9, 22, and 25 yr, using a Latin square design with three replications. MCT significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and exchangeable potassium (EK) compared to NT and CT, achieving the highest maize grain yield (7.21 t ha⁻¹). NT exhibited the greatest SOC and EK in the surface layer. Physical properties, such as bulk density and porosity, remained stable across systems, reflecting Mollisol resilience. Although MCT optimized fertility and productivity, nutrient declines from 2021 to 2024 highlight the need for adaptive management strategies to sustain long-term productivity, supporting global soil conservation and sustainable agriculture goals.