A sustainable shift from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) is essential to achieve a considerable reduction in emissions. The production of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) used in EVs is an energy-intensive and costly process. It can also lead to significant embedded emissions depending on the source of energy used. In fact, about 39% of the energy consumption in LIB production is associated with drying processes, where the electrode drying step accounts for about a half. Despite the enormous energy consumption and costs originating from drying processes, they are seldomly researched in the battery industry. Establishing knowledge within the LIB industry regarding state-of-the-art drying techniques and solvent evaporation mechanisms is vital for optimising process conditions, detecting alternative solvent systems, and discovering novel techniques. This review aims to give a summary of the state-of-the-art LIB processing techniques. An in-depth understanding of the influential factors for each manufacturing step of LIBs is then established, emphasising the electrode structure and electrochemical performance. Special attention is dedicated to the convection drying step in conventional water and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)-based electrode manufacturing. Solvent omission in dry electrode processing substantially lowers the energy demand and allows for a thick, mechanically stable electrode coating. Small changes in the electrode manufacturing route may have an immense impact on the final battery performance. Electrodes used for research and development often have a different production route and techniques compared to those processed in industry. The scalability issues related to the comparison across scales are discussed and further emphasised when the industry moves towards the next-generation techniques. Finally, the critical aspects of the innovations and industrial modifications that aim to overcome the main challenges are presented.

The commonly used polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder should be replaced with renewable and abundant binder materials to enable a sustainable aqueous processing route for LIB cathodes, by eliminating the energy-intensive N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) recovery step.

The cost and environmental impact of Li-ion batteries can be reduced through aqueous processing of cathode materials. Here, we used aqueous processing to prepare lignin-based NMC111 cathodes for Li-ion batteries with enhanced rate capability.

The evaporation of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent during the large-scale production of LiNi${}_x$Mn${}_{1-x-y}$Co${}_y$O${}_2$ (NMC) cathodes usually occurs in convection ovens. This paper aims to close the gap between the industrial convection drying method and the conventional vacuum oven typically used at the laboratory scale. Multiple studies focus on modeling convection dryers to reduce energy consumption, but few have studied their impact on the cathode quality experimentally and compared them to vacuum-dried cathodes. A convection oven designed for LIB electrode drying was developed to investigate the influence of drying kinetics on the formation of small electrode surface cracks (C/2. An alternative surface analysis with less sample preparation was sufficient for determining the relative change in binder migration.