The addition of massive machine type communication (mMTC) as a category of Fifth Generation (5G) of mobile communication, have increased the popularity of Internet of Things (IoT). The sensors are one of the critical component of any IoT device. Although the sensors posses a well-known historical existence, but their integration in wireless technologies and increased demand in IoT applications have increased their importance and the challenges in terms of design, integration, etc. This survey presents a holistic (historical as well as architectural) overview of wireless sensor (WS) nodes, providing a classical definition, in-depth analysis of different modules involved in the design of a WS node, and the ways in which they can be used to measure a system performance. Using the definition and analysis of a WS node, a more comprehensive classification of WS nodes is provided. Moreover, the need to form a wireless sensor network (WSN), their deployment, and communication protocols is explained. The applications of WS nodes in various use cases have been discussed. Additionally, an overlook of challenges and constraints that these WS nodes face in various environments and during the manufacturing process, are discussed. Their main existing developments which are expected to augment the WS nodes, to meet the requirements of the emerging systems, are also presented.

Imperceptible latency, uninterrupted communication, and the availability of inexhaustible bandwidth are conceptualized as essential milestones to revolutionize the modes by which societies generated, circulate, receive, and perceive information. The exponential increase in wireless data traffic has raised concerns to investigate suitable bands in the radio spectrum to satisfy the intensifying user’s data rate requirements. Overall the wireless infrastructure needs development and exploitation to synchronize with the massive capacity and connectivity demands. The Terahertz (THz) frequency band (0.1-10 THz) is considered as a pivotal solution to fulfill the needs of applications and devices requiring the high speed transmission, and have received noticeable attention from the research community. Technologies in this spectrum are facing rapid development and hold high potentials in applications like ultra-fast short-range wireless communications, remote sensing, biological detection, and basic material research. The antenna is one of the critical components to support the THz systems and require a considerable attention in terms of precision. Compact high-gain antennas are desirable for low latency and high data rate THz wireless communication systems, specifically for applications having space limitation, for example, in the high speed interlink inside the high density wireless communication base station (BS). Nevertheless, there still exist many challenges, while designing the antenna for THz communications requiring innovative solutions. This paper serves an introductory guideline to address the challenges and opportunities, while designing a THz enabled antenna.

The accurate measurement of electromagnetic exposure and its application is expected to become more and more important in future wireless communication systems, given the explosion in both the number of wireless devices and equipments radiating electromagnetic-fields(EMF)and the growing concerns in the general public linked to it. Indeed, the next generation of wireless systems aims at providing a higher data rate,better quality of service(QoS), and lower latency to users by increasing the number of access points,i.e.densification, which in turn will increase EMF exposure. Similarly, the multiplication of future connected devices,e.g. internet of things(IoT)devices, will also contribute to an increase in EMF exposure. This paper provides a detailed survey relating to the potential health hazards linked with EMF exposure and the different metrics that are currently used for evaluating,limiting and mitigating the effects of this type of exposure on the general public. This paper also reviews the possible impacts of new wireless technologies on EMF exposure and proposes some novel research directions for updating the EMF exposure evaluation framework and addressing these impacts in future wireless communication systems. For instance, the impact of mmWave or massive-MIMO/beamforming on EMF exposure has yet to be fully understood and included in the exposure evaluation framework.

Universal connectivity has been part of past and current generations of wireless systems, but as we approach the sixth generation (6G), the subject of social responsibility is being built as a core component. Given the advent of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN), reaching these goals will be much closer to realization than ever before. Owing to the benefits of NTN, the integration of NTN and Terrestrial Networks (TN) is still at its infancy, where the past, the current and future standard releases within the 3^rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) provide guidelines to adopt a successfully co-existence/integration of TN and NTN. Therefore, in this article, we illustrate, through 3GPP guidelines, how NTN and TN can effectively be integrated. Moreover, the role of beamforming and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is highlighted to achieve this integration. Finally, the usefulness of integrating NTN and TN is validated through numerical analysis.

Deforestation poses a significant global environmental challenge with far-reaching consequences for biodiversity, climate change, and livelihoods. In this context, applying advanced technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), holds immense promise. This article aims to comprehensively review and analyze the role of IoT, AI, and remote sensing technologies in monitoring, detecting, predicting, and preventing deforestation. By providing real-time data and enabling early detection, these technologies contribute to addressing activities like illegal logging, plant diseases, and forest fires. This review presents an overview of the advantages and limitations of these technologies, accompanied by an analysis of their current state and future potential. Key technologies covered include IoT, satellite imagery, drones, and AI algorithms, with each offering unique applications. Importantly, this article underscores the significance of these technologies in protecting forests and the diverse species they support. The findings discussed herein aim to inform ongoing debates and provide a foundation for further research in this crucial domain. Ultimately, the knowledge gained from this research has the potential to guide practical interventions and policies for effective forest conservation.

The International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2030 framework recently adopted by the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) envisions 6G networks to deliver intelligent, seamless connectivity that supports reliable, sustainable, and resilient communications. To achieve this vision, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) represent a significant advancement by extending connectivity beyond the Earth's surface. These networks integrate advanced communication technologies that go beyond conventional terrestrial infrastructure, enabling comprehensive global connectivity across domains such as the Internet, Internet of Things (IoT), navigation, disaster recovery, remote access, Earth observation, and even scientific initiatives like interplanetary communication. Recent developments in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Releases 17-19, particularly within the Radio Access Network (RAN)4 working group addressing satellite and cellular spectrum sharing and RAN2 enhancing New Radio (NR)/IoT for NTN, highlight the critical role NTN is set to play in the evolution of 6G standards. The integration of advanced signal processing, edge and cloud computing, and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and aerial platforms, such as Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and high-, medium-, and low-altitude platform stations, has revolutionized the convergence of space, aerial, and Terrestrial Networks (TN). Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered deployments for NTN and NTN-IoT, combined with Next Generation Multiple Access (NGMA) technologies, have dramatically reshaped global connectivity. This monograph provides a comprehensive exploration of emerging NTN-based 6G wireless networks, covering vision, alignment with 5G-Advanced and 6G standards, key principles, trends, challenges, real-world applications, and novel problem solving frameworks. It examines essential enabling technologies like AI for NTN (LEO satellites and aerial platforms), DRL, edge computing for NTN, AI for NTN trajectory optimization, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS)-enhanced NTN, and robust Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) beamforming. Furthermore, it addresses interference management through NGMA, including Rate-Splitting Multiple Access (RSMA) for NTN, and the use of aerial platforms for access, relay, and fronthaul/backhaul connectivity.