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Zhenlong Xu
School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China

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Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in IEEE Access
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In order to power the microelectronic devices of the Internet of Things in the low-frequency broadband vibration environment, a novel nonlinear 2DOF electromagnetic energy harvester was proposed based on the magnetic levitation structure and velocity amplification mechanism. The electromechanical coupling model was established and numerically simulated to analyze the generating characteristics. A prototype was fabricated and tested to verify the theoretical model. The influences of the key parameters, including the gap between the suspended magnet and the lower spring, excitation acceleration, spring stiffness, mass of copper cylinder, on the generating characteristics were studied. When it was subjected to a harmonic excitation with acceleration amplitude of 0.8g, the measured open-circuit voltage reached peaks of 3.13 V at 8 Hz and 2.93 V at 13.5 Hz, respectively. The optimal output power at 8 Hz was 10.18 mW with the matched load resistance of 250 Ω. Both the experimental and theoretical results demonstrated that this novel electromagnetic energy harvester had obvious advantages in increasing the output power and widening the bandwidth.

ACS Style

Ruiqi Liu; Zhenlong Xu; Yuanfan Jin; Wen Wang. Design and Research on a Nonlinear 2DOF Electromagnetic Energy Harvester With Velocity Amplification. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 159947 -159955.

AMA Style

Ruiqi Liu, Zhenlong Xu, Yuanfan Jin, Wen Wang. Design and Research on a Nonlinear 2DOF Electromagnetic Energy Harvester With Velocity Amplification. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 (99):159947-159955.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruiqi Liu; Zhenlong Xu; Yuanfan Jin; Wen Wang. 2020. "Design and Research on a Nonlinear 2DOF Electromagnetic Energy Harvester With Velocity Amplification." IEEE Access 8, no. 99: 159947-159955.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2019 in Sensors
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The approach to improve the output power of piezoelectric energy harvester is one of the current research hotspots. In the case where some sources have two or more discrete vibration frequencies, this paper proposed three types of magnetically coupled multi-frequency hybrid energy harvesters (MHEHs) to capture vibration energy composed of two discrete frequencies. Electromechanical coupling models were established to analyze the magnetic forces, and to evaluate the power generation characteristics, which were verified by the experimental test. The optimal structure was selected through the comparison. With 2 m/s2 excitation acceleration, the optimal peak output power was 2.96 mW at 23.6 Hz and 4.76 mW at 32.8 Hz, respectively. The superiority of hybrid energy harvesting mechanism was demonstrated. The influences of initial center-to-center distances between two magnets and length of cantilever beam on output power were also studied. At last, the frequency sweep test was conducted. Both theoretical and experimental analyses indicated that the proposed MHEH produced more electric power over a larger operating bandwidth.

ACS Style

Zhenlong Xu; Hong Yang; Hao Zhang; Huawei Ci; Maoying Zhou; Wen Wang; Aihua Meng. Design and Analysis of a Magnetically Coupled Multi-Frequency Hybrid Energy Harvester. Sensors 2019, 19, 3203 .

AMA Style

Zhenlong Xu, Hong Yang, Hao Zhang, Huawei Ci, Maoying Zhou, Wen Wang, Aihua Meng. Design and Analysis of a Magnetically Coupled Multi-Frequency Hybrid Energy Harvester. Sensors. 2019; 19 (14):3203.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenlong Xu; Hong Yang; Hao Zhang; Huawei Ci; Maoying Zhou; Wen Wang; Aihua Meng. 2019. "Design and Analysis of a Magnetically Coupled Multi-Frequency Hybrid Energy Harvester." Sensors 19, no. 14: 3203.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2019 in AIP Advances
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ACS Style

Maoying Zhou; Qinzhong Chen; Zhenlong Xu; Wen Wang. Piezoelectric wind energy harvesting device based on the inverted cantilever beam with leaf-inspired extensions. AIP Advances 2019, 9, 035213 .

AMA Style

Maoying Zhou, Qinzhong Chen, Zhenlong Xu, Wen Wang. Piezoelectric wind energy harvesting device based on the inverted cantilever beam with leaf-inspired extensions. AIP Advances. 2019; 9 (3):035213.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maoying Zhou; Qinzhong Chen; Zhenlong Xu; Wen Wang. 2019. "Piezoelectric wind energy harvesting device based on the inverted cantilever beam with leaf-inspired extensions." AIP Advances 9, no. 3: 035213.

Article
Published: 22 January 2018 in Meccanica
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In this contribution, a novel type of piezoelectric tubular energy harvester based on fluctuating fluid pressure is investigated. Analytic model of the proposed energy harvester is built under the assumption of axisymmetric radial vibration. Exact solution of the piezoelectric vibrating tube is obtained with its output performances formulated. A series of numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the influences of geometrical parameters, input mechanical load parameters and output electrical load parameters upon the output performances of the proposed piezoelectric tubular energy harvester. The model and simulation results indicate the potential of the proposed piezoelectric tubular energy harvester. It is expected that the energy harvester be useful in powering wireless sensor network for the health monitoring of hydraulic systems, where fluid conveying pipe vibration is omnipresent.

ACS Style

Maoying Zhou; Yang Fu; Lei Liu; Zhenlong Xu; Mohannad Saleh Hammadi Al-Furjan; Wen Wang. Modeling and preliminary analysis of piezoelectric energy harvester based on cylindrical tube conveying fluctuating fluid. Meccanica 2018, 53, 2379 -2392.

AMA Style

Maoying Zhou, Yang Fu, Lei Liu, Zhenlong Xu, Mohannad Saleh Hammadi Al-Furjan, Wen Wang. Modeling and preliminary analysis of piezoelectric energy harvester based on cylindrical tube conveying fluctuating fluid. Meccanica. 2018; 53 (9):2379-2392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maoying Zhou; Yang Fu; Lei Liu; Zhenlong Xu; Mohannad Saleh Hammadi Al-Furjan; Wen Wang. 2018. "Modeling and preliminary analysis of piezoelectric energy harvester based on cylindrical tube conveying fluctuating fluid." Meccanica 53, no. 9: 2379-2392.

Journal article
Published: 02 November 2017 in Energies
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In this paper, a novel impact-based frequency up-converting hybrid energy harvester (FUCHEH) was proposed. It consisted of a piezoelectric cantilever beam and a driving beam with a magnetic tip mass. A solenoid coil was attached at the end of the piezoelectric beam. This innovative configuration amplified the relative motion velocity between magnet and coil, resulting in an enhancement of the induced electromotive force in the coil. An electromechanical coupling model was developed and a numerical simulation was performed to study the principle of impact-based frequency up-converting. A prototype was fabricated and experimentally tested. The time-domain and frequency-domain analyses were performed. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis verified that fundamental frequencies and coupled vibration frequency contributes most of the output voltage. The measured maximum output power was 769.13 µW at a frequency of 13 Hz and an acceleration amplitude of 1 m/s2, which was 3249.4%- and 100.6%-times larger than that of the frequency up-converting piezoelectric energy harvesters (FUCPEH) and frequency up-converting electromagnetic energy harvester (FUCEMEH), respectively. The root mean square (RMS) voltage of the piezoelectric energy harvester subsystem (0.919 V) was more than 16 times of that of the stand-alone PEH (0.055 V). This paper provided a new scheme to improve generating performance of the vibration energy harvester with high resonant frequency working in the low-frequency vibration environment.

ACS Style

Zhenlong Xu; Wen Wang; Jin Xie; Zhonggui Xu; Maoying Zhou; Hong Yang. An Impact-Based Frequency Up-Converting Hybrid Vibration Energy Harvester for Low Frequency Application. Energies 2017, 10, 1761 .

AMA Style

Zhenlong Xu, Wen Wang, Jin Xie, Zhonggui Xu, Maoying Zhou, Hong Yang. An Impact-Based Frequency Up-Converting Hybrid Vibration Energy Harvester for Low Frequency Application. Energies. 2017; 10 (11):1761.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenlong Xu; Wen Wang; Jin Xie; Zhonggui Xu; Maoying Zhou; Hong Yang. 2017. "An Impact-Based Frequency Up-Converting Hybrid Vibration Energy Harvester for Low Frequency Application." Energies 10, no. 11: 1761.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2017 in Micromachines
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Considering coil inductance and the spatial distribution of the magnetic field, this paper developed an approximate distributed-parameter model of a hybrid energy harvester (HEH). The analytical solutions were compared with numerical solutions. The effects of load resistances, electromechanical coupling factors, mechanical damping ratio, coil parameters and size scale on performance were investigated. A meso-scale HEH prototype was fabricated, tested and compared with a stand-alone piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) and a stand-alone electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH). The peak output power is 2.93% and 142.18% higher than that of the stand-alone PEH and EMEH, respectively. Moreover, its bandwidth is 108%- and 122.7%-times that of the stand-alone PEH and EMEH, respectively. The experimental results agreed well with the theoretical values. It is indicated that the linearized electromagnetic coupling coefficient is more suitable for low-level excitation acceleration. Hybrid energy harvesting contributes to widening the frequency bandwidth and improving energy conversion efficiency. However, only when the piezoelectric coupling effect is weak or medium can the HEH generate more power than the single-mechanism energy harvester. Hybrid energy harvesting can improve output power even at the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scale. This study presents a more effective model for the performance evaluation and structure optimization of the HEH.

ACS Style

Zhenlong Xu; Xiaobiao Shan; Hong Yang; Wen Wang; Tao Xie. Parametric Analysis and Experimental Verification of a Hybrid Vibration Energy Harvester Combining Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Mechanisms. Micromachines 2017, 8, 189 .

AMA Style

Zhenlong Xu, Xiaobiao Shan, Hong Yang, Wen Wang, Tao Xie. Parametric Analysis and Experimental Verification of a Hybrid Vibration Energy Harvester Combining Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Mechanisms. Micromachines. 2017; 8 (6):189.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenlong Xu; Xiaobiao Shan; Hong Yang; Wen Wang; Tao Xie. 2017. "Parametric Analysis and Experimental Verification of a Hybrid Vibration Energy Harvester Combining Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Mechanisms." Micromachines 8, no. 6: 189.

Journal article
Published: 05 January 2016 in Applied Sciences
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This paper presents a novel tunable multi-frequency hybrid energy harvester (HEH). It consists of a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) and an electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH), which are coupled with magnetic interaction. An electromechanical coupling model was developed and numerically simulated. The effects of magnetic force, mass ratio, stiffness ratio, and mechanical damping ratios on the output power were investigated. A prototype was fabricated and characterized by experiments. The measured first peak power increases by 16.7% and 833.3% compared with that of the multi-frequency EMEH and the multi-frequency PEH, respectively. It is 2.36 times more than the combined output power of the linear PEH and linear EMEH at 22.6 Hz. The half-power bandwidth for the first peak power is also broadened. Numerical results agree well with the experimental data. It is indicated that magnetic interaction can tune the resonant frequencies. Both magnetic coupling configuration and hybrid conversion mechanism contribute to enhancing the output power and widening the operation bandwidth. The magnitude and direction of magnetic force have significant effects on the performance of the HEH. This proposed HEH is an effective approach to improve the generating performance of the micro-scale energy harvesting devices in low-frequency range.

ACS Style

Zhenlong Xu; Xiaobiao Shan; Danpeng Chen; Tao Xie. A Novel Tunable Multi-Frequency Hybrid Vibration Energy Harvester Using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Conversion Mechanisms. Applied Sciences 2016, 6, 10 .

AMA Style

Zhenlong Xu, Xiaobiao Shan, Danpeng Chen, Tao Xie. A Novel Tunable Multi-Frequency Hybrid Vibration Energy Harvester Using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Conversion Mechanisms. Applied Sciences. 2016; 6 (1):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenlong Xu; Xiaobiao Shan; Danpeng Chen; Tao Xie. 2016. "A Novel Tunable Multi-Frequency Hybrid Vibration Energy Harvester Using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Conversion Mechanisms." Applied Sciences 6, no. 1: 10.

Conference paper
Published: 01 August 2014 in 2014 15th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology
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The dynamic performance and output power of two piezoelectric flags are greatly different from those of a single piezoelectric flag due to the coupling effect of each other. In this paper, the dynamic performance and energy harvesting ability of two piezoelectric flags in parallel arrangement in an axial flow are investigated using immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method coupled with Euler-Bernoulli beam and piezoelectric theory, which is fully coupled fluid-structure-electric. A 2D simulation model is presented and a resistance is connected to the piezoelectric flag which is made of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF). The simulation results show that different vibration phases and coupling modes of two piezoelectric flags are identified, including the in-phase mode, the transition mode and the out-phase mode. When the separation distance of two flags is small, the vibration appears to be the in-phase coupling mode. While the separation distance is large enough, two piezoelectric flags decouple and vibrate individually. Between the in-phase mode and the out-phase mode, the transition mode is found. There is strong interference between each other and the output electric energy seems to be disorders. However, the output power of the piezoelectric flags is nearly identical during the in-phase and the out-phase mode. It means that multi-piezoelectric flags can generate multiple times electric energy in reasonable arrangement compared with a single piezoelectric flag.

ACS Style

X. B. Shan; R. J. Song; Z. L. Xu; T. Xie. Dynamic energy harvesting performance of two Polyvinylidene Fluoride piezoelectric flags in parallel arrangement in an axial flow. 2014 15th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology 2014, 1 -4.

AMA Style

X. B. Shan, R. J. Song, Z. L. Xu, T. Xie. Dynamic energy harvesting performance of two Polyvinylidene Fluoride piezoelectric flags in parallel arrangement in an axial flow. 2014 15th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology. 2014; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

X. B. Shan; R. J. Song; Z. L. Xu; T. Xie. 2014. "Dynamic energy harvesting performance of two Polyvinylidene Fluoride piezoelectric flags in parallel arrangement in an axial flow." 2014 15th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology , no. : 1-4.

Conference paper
Published: 01 August 2014 in 2014 15th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology
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This paper presents a novel nonlinear hybrid energy harvester (NHEH) combining the piezoelectric and electromagnetic harvesting mechanisms. It consists of a piezoelectric cantilever beam with a moving magnet as a part of proof mass and an opposing magnet attached on the frame. In addition, an electromagnetic generator was attached on the beam tip. An electromechanical coupling model of the hybrid energy harvester was established based on energy method. An experimental system was built up to verify the theoretical analysis. Both experiments and simulation show significant improvements in bandwidth and output power from the nonlinear vibration generator. The prototype shows nearly 83.3% increase than the optimized piezoelectric energy harvester in the operating bandwidth at the 1g m/s2 excitation level.

ACS Style

Z. L. Xu; X. B. Shan; R. J. Song; T. Xie. Electromechanical modeling and experimental verification of nonlinear hybrid vibration energy harvester. 2014 15th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology 2014, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Z. L. Xu, X. B. Shan, R. J. Song, T. Xie. Electromechanical modeling and experimental verification of nonlinear hybrid vibration energy harvester. 2014 15th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology. 2014; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Z. L. Xu; X. B. Shan; R. J. Song; T. Xie. 2014. "Electromechanical modeling and experimental verification of nonlinear hybrid vibration energy harvester." 2014 15th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology , no. : 1-4.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2013 in Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A
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This study presents a new design of a piezoelectric-electromagnetic energy harvester to enlarge the frequency bandwidth and obtain a larger energy output. This harvester consists of a primary piezoelectric energy harvesting device, in which a suspension electromagnetic component is added. A coupling mathematical model of the two independent energy harvesting techniques was established. Numerical results show that the piezoelectric-electromagnetic energy harvester has three times the bandwidth and higher power output in comparison with the corresponding stand-alone, single harvesting mode devices. The finite element models of the piezoelectric and electromagnetic systems were developed, respectively. A finite element analysis was performed. Experiments were carried out to verify the validity of the numerical simulation and the finite element results. It shows that the power output and the peak frequency obtained from the numerical analysis and the finite element simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results. This study provides a promising method to broaden the frequency bandwidth and increase the energy harvesting power output for energy harvesters.

ACS Style

Xiao-Biao Shan; Shi-Wei Guan; Zhang-Shi Liu; Zhen-Long Xu; Tao Xie. A new energy harvester using a piezoelectric and suspension electromagnetic mechanism. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 2013, 14, 890 -897.

AMA Style

Xiao-Biao Shan, Shi-Wei Guan, Zhang-Shi Liu, Zhen-Long Xu, Tao Xie. A new energy harvester using a piezoelectric and suspension electromagnetic mechanism. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A. 2013; 14 (12):890-897.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao-Biao Shan; Shi-Wei Guan; Zhang-Shi Liu; Zhen-Long Xu; Tao Xie. 2013. "A new energy harvester using a piezoelectric and suspension electromagnetic mechanism." Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 14, no. 12: 890-897.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2013 in Applied Mechanics and Materials
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ACS Style

Shi Wei Guan; Xiao Biao Shan; Tao Xie; Ru Jun Song; Zhen Long Xu. Finite Element Modeling and Experimental Verification of a Suspension Electromagnetic Energy Harvester. Applied Mechanics and Materials 2013, 879 -883.

AMA Style

Shi Wei Guan, Xiao Biao Shan, Tao Xie, Ru Jun Song, Zhen Long Xu. Finite Element Modeling and Experimental Verification of a Suspension Electromagnetic Energy Harvester. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2013; ():879-883.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shi Wei Guan; Xiao Biao Shan; Tao Xie; Ru Jun Song; Zhen Long Xu. 2013. "Finite Element Modeling and Experimental Verification of a Suspension Electromagnetic Energy Harvester." Applied Mechanics and Materials , no. : 879-883.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in Ferroelectrics
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This paper presents a new mathematical model of the output power by taking the secondary piezoelectric effect of a piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester into account. The numerical results show that compared with the single piezoelectric power generator, the optimized external load increases the sytem power output of the hybrid energy harvester by 13.3%. Furthermore, compared with the external load optimization, the damping parameter matching improves the peak output power of the hybrid energy harvester by 23%. Hybrid energy harvesting experiments were carried out to verify the numerical analysis. The experimental results are in accordance with the theoretical results.

ACS Style

Xiaobiao Shan; Zhenlong Xu; Rujun Song; Tao Xie. A New Mathematical Model for a Piezoelectric-Electromagnetic Hybrid Energy Harvester. Ferroelectrics 2013, 450, 57 -65.

AMA Style

Xiaobiao Shan, Zhenlong Xu, Rujun Song, Tao Xie. A New Mathematical Model for a Piezoelectric-Electromagnetic Hybrid Energy Harvester. Ferroelectrics. 2013; 450 (1):57-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaobiao Shan; Zhenlong Xu; Rujun Song; Tao Xie. 2013. "A New Mathematical Model for a Piezoelectric-Electromagnetic Hybrid Energy Harvester." Ferroelectrics 450, no. 1: 57-65.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in Ferroelectrics
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This paper presents a new electro-mechanical-magnetic coupling model. The magnetic field distribution was calculated based on the magnetic dipole model. The coupling model was combining the beam bending vibration theory and Faraday's law. The solutions for response amplitude and output power of the harvester were derived. An experimental system was built up to verify numerical simulation. The influences of external load and gap between magnet and coil were analyzed and optimized. It shows that the experimental results are in good accordance with the theoretical analysis. The maximum power output of this device was 5.657 mW at 33 Hz.

ACS Style

Xiaobiao Shan; Zhenlong Xu; Tao Xie. New Electromechanical Coupling Model and Optimization of an Electromagnetic Energy Harvester. Ferroelectrics 2013, 450, 66 -73.

AMA Style

Xiaobiao Shan, Zhenlong Xu, Tao Xie. New Electromechanical Coupling Model and Optimization of an Electromagnetic Energy Harvester. Ferroelectrics. 2013; 450 (1):66-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaobiao Shan; Zhenlong Xu; Tao Xie. 2013. "New Electromechanical Coupling Model and Optimization of an Electromagnetic Energy Harvester." Ferroelectrics 450, no. 1: 66-73.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2012 in Advanced Materials Research
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This paper presents a hybrid energy harvester using piezoelectric (PZT) and electromagnetic (EM) technologies. A mathematical model of the output power for this generator was developed. Experiments were carried out to verify the numerical analysis. The theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental results. The experimental results showed that the maximum output power of the separate PZT and EM energy harvesters were 0.667 mW and 0.32 mW, while that of the hybrid harvester was 0.845 mW under the vibration acceleration of 9.8 m/s2 at 66 Hz. It shows that the hybrid energy harvester can effectively increase the output power.

ACS Style

Zhen Long Xu; Xiao Xi Wang; Xiao Biao Shan; Tao Xie. Modeling and Experimental Verification of a Hybrid Energy Harvester Using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Technologies. Advanced Materials Research 2012, 569, 529 -532.

AMA Style

Zhen Long Xu, Xiao Xi Wang, Xiao Biao Shan, Tao Xie. Modeling and Experimental Verification of a Hybrid Energy Harvester Using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Technologies. Advanced Materials Research. 2012; 569 ():529-532.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhen Long Xu; Xiao Xi Wang; Xiao Biao Shan; Tao Xie. 2012. "Modeling and Experimental Verification of a Hybrid Energy Harvester Using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Technologies." Advanced Materials Research 569, no. : 529-532.