Lee Makowski

Dr. Lee Makowski

Northeastern University
orcid

Research Focus & Metrics

Academic Career Length

12Years (2015-Present)

(Calculated once Scilit publication data is synced: current year − year of first publication + 1)

Representative Publications

View All Publications
17 April 2018 in ACS Nano
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
RHRui Hu
Rui Hu
JRJoão V. Rodrigues
João V. Rodrigues
PWPradeep Waduge
Pradeep Waduge
HYHirohito Yamazaki
Hirohito Yamazaki
BCBenjamin Cressiot
Benjamin Cressiot
MWMeni Wanunu
Meni Wanunu

20 January 2021 in Viruses
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
LMLee Makowski
Lee Makowski
WOWilliam Olson-Sidford
William Olson-Sidford
JWJohn Weisel
John Weisel
Although ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) is considered the primary receptor for CoV-2 cell entry, recent reports suggest that alternative pathways may contribute. This paper considers the hypothesis that viral binding to cell-surface integrins may contribute to the high infectivity and widespread extra-pulmonary impacts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This potential is suggested on the basis of the emergence of an RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) sequence in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein. RGD is a motif commonly used by viruses to bind cell-surface integrins. Numerous signaling pathways are mediated by integrins and virion binding could lead to dysregulation of these pathways, with consequent tissue damage. Integrins on the surfaces of pneumocytes, endothelial cells and platelets may be vulnerable to CoV-2 virion binding. For instance, binding of intact virions to integrins on alveolar cells could enhance viral entry. Binding of virions to integrins on endothelial cells could activate angiogenic cell signaling pathways; dysregulate integrin-mediated signaling pathways controlling developmental processes; and precipitate endothelial activation to initiate blood clotting. Such a procoagulant state, perhaps together with enhancement of platelet aggregation through virions binding to integrins on platelets, could amplify the production of microthrombi that pose the threat of pulmonary thrombosis and embolism, strokes and other thrombotic consequences. The susceptibility of different tissues to virion–integrin interactions may be modulated by a host of factors, including the conformation of relevant integrins and the impact of the tissue microenvironment on spike protein conformation. Patient-specific differences in these factors may contribute to the high variability of clinical presentation. There is danger that the emergence of receptor-binding domain mutations that increase infectivity may also enhance access of the RGD motif for integrin binding, resulting in viral strains with ACE2 independent routes of cell entry and novel integrin-mediated biological and clinical impacts. The highly infectious variant, B.1.1.7 (or VUI 202012/01), includes a receptor-binding domain amino acid replacement, N501Y, that could potentially provide the RGD motif with enhanced access to cell-surface integrins, with consequent clinical impacts.

26 December 2017 in Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
PDF file
YWYujing Wang
Yujing Wang
LMLee Makowski
Lee Makowski

16 August 2017 in Biochemistry
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
EOEmre Onuk
Emre Onuk
JBJohn Badger
John Badger
YWYu Jing Wang
Yu Jing Wang
JBJaydeep Bardhan
Jaydeep Bardhan
YCYasmin Chishti
Yasmin Chishti
LMLee Makowski
Lee Makowski

10 December 2019 in ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
LMLee Makowski
Lee Makowski

11 July 2022 in Current Opinion in Structural Biology
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
JLJiliang Liu
Jiliang Liu
LMLee Makowski
Lee Makowski