In this paper, the authors studied five characteristics of green wheat starch, including amylose and damage starch content, morphology, relative crystallinity, crystallinity pattern and pasting properties. The amylose and damaged starch content varied from 14.57 to 21.00%, and 5.2 to 11.96%, respectively. Green wheat starch exhibited granules oblate, elliptical, round and slightly different from wheat starch. The starches were categorized based on crystal types into A starches and the crystallinity ranges from 19.81 to 28.20%. The starches exhibited a pasting temperature of 81.05–87.55°C, peak viscosity of 12.57–29.05 P, and setback value of 5.67–14.73 P. In addition, we used thermogravimetric-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) to determine the starch content of green wheat starch. The characteristic decomposition temperature range of starch in green wheat was determined by TG to be 225–375°C, and verified by infrared absorption spectroscopy. Starch content of the five green wheat samples was determined by AACC 76–13 and TG method. The results of precision and accuracy test showed that there was no significant difference in the starch content of the green wheat obtained by the two methods.

In this paper, subcritical water (SCW) was applied to modify pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poiret) polysaccharides, and the properties and antioxidant activity of pumpkin polysaccharides were investigated. SCW treatments at varying temperature led to changes in the rheological and emulsifying properties of pumpkin polysaccharides. SCW treatments efficiently degraded pumpkin polysaccharides and changed the molecular weight distribution. Decreases in intrinsic viscosity, viscosity-average molecular weight, and apparent viscosity were also observed, while the activation energy and flow behavior indices increased. The temperature of SCW treatment has a great influence on the linear viscoelastic properties and antioxidant activity of pumpkin polysaccharides. Pumpkin polysaccharides solution treated by SCW at 150 °C exhibited the highest emulsifying activity and antioxidant activity, which was probably due to a broader molecular mass distribution and more reducing ends exposed after treatment. Scanning electron microscopy showed that SCW treatment changed the microstructure of pumpkin polysaccharides, resulting in the exposure of bigger surface area. Our results suggest that SCW treatment is an effective approach to modify pumpkin polysaccharides to achieve improved solution properties and antioxidant activity.

In this research, oat resistant starch (ORS) was prepared by autoclaving-retrogradation cycle (ORS-A), enzymatic hydrolysis (ORS-B), and ultrasound combined enzymatic hydrolysis (ORS-C). Differences in their structural features, physicochemical properties and digestive properties were studied. Results of particle size distribution, XRD, DSC, FTIR, SEM and in vitro digestion showed that ORS-C was a B + C-crystal, and ORS-C had a larger particle size, the smallest span value, the highest relative crystallinity, the most ordered and stable double helix structure, the roughest surface shape and strongest digestion resistance compared to ORS-A and ORS-B. Correlation analysis revealed that the digestion resistance of ORS-C was strongly positively correlated with RS content, amylose content, relative crystallinity and absorption peak intensity ratio of 1047/1022 cm⁻¹ (R_1047/1022), and weakly positively correlated with average particle size. These results provided theoretical support for the application of ORS-C with strong digestion resistance prepared by ultrasound combined enzymatic hydrolysis in the low GI food application.

• β-glucan reduced 45 % and polyphenols increased 79 % after sprouting for 120 h. • Bread’s cell density and specific volume were the highest after sprouting for 72 h. • The starch digestibility was the lowest with oat flour sprouting for 72 h. • Two digestible fractions with different digestion rates was presented in the bread. • Sprouting for 72 h postponed t_2start and reduced digestion rate by 7 % in the bread.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in protein, antioxidant activity, and starch of two varieties of green wheat and wheat in vitro simulated digestion. The experiment was used a new in vitro simulated digestion process which was closer to the body’s digestive system. The protein utilization of green wheat in the beginning of digestion was lower than that of wheat. However, in the intestinal stage, it was slightly higher than wheat to reach. The total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging power of green wheat were about twice that of wheat. The antioxidant activity of green wheat was stronger than that of wheat. Although the glucose content of green wheat was higher than wheat, the GI of green wheat (52–54) was always much lower than wheat (65–71). Therefore, the appropriate replacement of wheat with green wheat as the main food is more conducive to the absorption of nutrients, the use of antioxidant activity and the regulation of blood glucose.