In Spain, several local councils have taken advantage of the arrival of high-speed rail to rethink the whole railway system within the city. These rail transformations have caused major urban changes and have also been accompanied by property development projects that were planned during the economic expansion of the 1990s and first decade of 2000s, prior to the arrival of the economic crisis in 2008. The combination of these factors has resulted in some of the most important urban renewal and redevelopment projects ever planned in Spain. This has been the case in two large intermediate cities: Valladolid (303,905 inhabitants in 2015), located on the northwest HSR line, which received new services in 2007, and Zaragoza (664,953 inhabitants in 2015), located on the Madrid-Barcelona-French border HSR line, where the new train service arrived in 2003. In Spain, the introduction of HSR services has been accompanied by certain specific issues relating to their initial conception, subsequent management and associated governance; these are illustrated in the article through case studies of Valladolid and Zaragoza.

This study examines urban collective transport policy in the city planning of three European countries under the Socialist Bloc in the 1950s and 1960s. The main aim is to account for the success of the private car in approaches to urban infrastructure and to understand how this affected tramway system planning. This then leads to a new perspective in understanding the conflict between the adoption of transport vehicles: The diversity of argument in tramway planning has been analysed using official publications, professional literature, and the urban and transport plans of the three case study cities. It results that planning solutions prioritised more national and local conditions, their logic and the singularity of their characteristics over the specific principles related to the ideology of the communist regimes.

This paper offers a conceptual overview of the state of the art relating to the historical interre­lationships between railways and cities from the point of view of town planning, covering the good century and a half that there have been railways in the Iberian Peninsula. It addresses both urban and railway history, reconsidering major issues in this relationship. These are: 1) the tracks of lines as they cross cities and the role they play in urban life, 2) the passenger buildings of stations, seen as a focus of urban centrality, 3) the developing complexity of cities and rail­ways, together with the installation of new road and port infrastructures, and 4) the problems emerging from urban ex­pansion in the final third of the twentieth century, mostly after the restoration of democracy, specifi­cally the question of the limited permeability of rail tracks and the interpretation as a social barrier of the physical barrier thus constituted by the railway. An idea that railways are a problem grew up within this historical interrelationship.

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The aim of this work is to contribute to the history of European urban planning on a specific issue: the inter-relationship of urban public transport planning and urban planning in the European countries in the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1960s, integrated planning in the Socialist European countries was a politically important issue within the concept of the city as an “integrated organism” and seemed possible to achieve. In this planning approach, rapid tramway was the most socially perceived tool of a theoretical-practical evolution of the consideration of transport in the city. However, a strong deployment of the automobile mode and road infrastructure, meant a prolonged interruption of tramway development. From 1970s onwards, the rapid tram system was considered economically more appropriate for medium-sized cities. Both in Western and in Socialist European countries, after a period of tram stagnation, the choice was made to implement a tramway investment policy based on the rapid tramway. Thus, rapid tramway started to be considered the main means in the planning of the transport system and of urban growth, having different national dynamics in the theoretical advances and in the deployment of practical solutions.