Collision-free distributed path planning for the swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a stochastic and dynamic environment is an emerging and challenging subject for research in the field of a communication system. Monitoring the methods and approaches for multi-UAVs with full area surveillance is needed in both military and civilian applications, in order to protect human beings and infrastructure, as well as their social security. To perform the path planning for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles, we propose a trajectory planner based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to derive a distributed full coverage optimal path planning, and a trajectory planner is developed using a dynamic fitness function. In this paper, to obtain dynamic fitness, we implemented the PSO algorithm independently in each UAV, by maximizing the fitness function and minimizing the cost function. Simulation results show that the proposed distributed path planning algorithm generates feasible optimal trajectories and update maps for the swarm of UAVs to surveil the entire area of interest.

Non-terrestrial network (NTN) systems can offer wide area coverage for applications requiring high mobility, which is expected in the sixth generation (6G) of telecommunication systems. This paper proposes a high-mobility support system based on the 5G-NR physical layer components for NTN connectivity. In this paper, we propose the optimization of 5G-NR numerologies and the impact of various modulation and coding schemes (MCS), 3GPP NR-NTN channel models, and MIMO/beamforming schemes with link-level simulation under pilot-aided-based perfect and DM-RS-based practical channel estimation at stationary UE and high mobility of 500 km/h, respectively. This paper also develops a link-level simulation of the 5G-NR physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) under the 3GPP NR-NTN tapped delay line (TDL) channel model to support UE mobility up to 500 km/h. The bit error rate (BER), maximum achievable throughput (Mbps), and spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) are analyzed for the 5G-NR-based potential elements to be utilized in the evolution of NTN. Furthermore, the denser DM-RS symbol pattern is proposed for utilization in channel estimation to support high mobility, as simulation results prove their capability of fast decoding while using the front-loaded symbol structure. The simulation results show that the large 5G-NR numerologies, such as 120 kHz and DM-RS-based channel estimation, support the high UE mobility by providing high link reliability and the maximum achievable throughput of 368.832 Mbps and spectral efficiency of 3.68 bps/Hz under 64-QAM for TDL-E (LOS) channel model, which can also be a potential solution to support transonic speed mobility in the NTN of 6G services.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of 5G-NR-V2X communication systems, the demand for efficient and adaptive power control mechanisms is paramount to address the challenges posed by high-density vehicular environments. This paper introduces the adaptive sidelink open loop power control (AS-OLPC) algorithm as a pioneering solution. The primary objective is to enhance vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication reliability through real-time signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) estimation, interference level measurements, and dynamic power adjustments. The main problem addressed in this research is the need for improved communication throughput in complex urban scenarios. Our specific objectives involve the development and evaluation of AS-OLPC against conventional open loop power control (OLPC) algorithms. To assess the algorithm’s effectiveness, an extensive simulation setup replicates realistic urban and highway scenarios. Key metrics such as packet reception ratio (PRR), interference levels, and energy efficiency are employed for analysis. The results showcase the adaptability and superior performance of AS-OLPC, establishing it as a promising solution for optimizing communication throughput in 5G-NR-V2X networks.

With the advent of 6G systems, non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are emerging as a cornerstone for global, uninterrupted connectivity. This study evaluates the downlink link budget in a dual-steering TN–NTN architecture, where an aerial user simultaneously connects to both a terrestrial network and a LEO satellite network with on-board processing (OBP) for seamless connectivity. The analysis considers Ground-to-Air (G2A) and Satellite-to-Air (S2A) downlink link budgets under realistic 6G conditions, examining the effects of altitude, elevation angle, and frequency. The results demonstrate that minimum link margins of 16.04 dB for G2A and 13.4 dB for S2A are achievable, confirming reliable link performance for both configurations. We thoroughly describe the methodology used to perform the link budget computations. Additionally, we observe that in all cases, the results for the S2A scenario are relatively lower than those for G2A. This is attributed to the longer distance and multi-beam interference from other satellites. For example, at an elevation angle of 80°, the link margin in the S2A scenario is approximately 18 dB, whereas in the G2A case, it is about 45 dB—showing that the S2A link margin is nearly 60% lower.