An extensive evaluation of published articles suggests a lack of research on a systematic literature review relating to physical modelling techniques, developments and application in slope stability studies. However, there is growing interest in using physical model tests in slope stability investigations. The present study systematically reviews the methodologies and applications of physical modelling in slope stability research. The Scopus database was used to identify relevant studies which employed physical model tests in slope stability investigations. A combination of fifteen keywords was used to identify relevant articles. A PRISMA-P method for conducting a systematic review was adopted. Articles were screened and analysed, and extracted data were re-organised using an Excel sheet. Data relating to research objectives, physical model test techniques, instrumentation, scaling laws, numerical modelling, results, and findings were extracted and analysed. The systematic review highlights gaps requiring further studies, particularly in slope reinforcements using vegetation and strength deterioration of reinforcements performance under repeated loading exposures. It is found that scholars have not fully addressed the influence of loss of water on pore water regimes and its impact on stability when vegetation is applied as reinforcements. It is also found that the development of slope materials for soil slopes in physical model tests relies on the artificial development of such materials with minimal consideration of their long-term behaviour. Although other options, such as bio-cementation and desiccation techniques, which simulate the natural environment of the slopes, are neglected in slope material development, the present study recommends that future studies consider such techniques.

In the recent years, there has been a surge in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in various districts of Malawi. Reports of a gold rush have emerged in various districts, including Mangochi, Lilongwe, Balaka, and lately in Kasungu. There has been persistence by many indigenous communities participating in ASGM activities, yet little is being done by the government to formalize and support the sub-sector. The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits of artisanal small-scale gold mining in Malawi and expose the shortfalls so that key stakeholders and policy makers are well informed. A quantitative approach which used semi-structured questionnaires was used and the data was analyzed using Microsoft excel and Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study shows that ASGM is characterized by people with low literacy levels, who use traditional tools (low-tech) and use methods fueled by lack of capital, and deficiency of basic knowledge of mining and geology. The study found that the government could achieve substantial socio-economic development from the sector by: (1) revising the current artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) legislation so that it embraces the customary practices whilst safeguarding the environment and improving the tax collection base; (2) providing support in form of mining related training and education to these communities; (3) leading in transfer of modern technologies for improved extraction; (4) supporting ASM cooperatives in securing credit facilities from financial institutions; and (5) closing the existing knowledge gap for ASM related issues through introduction of mining desk officers in district councils.