Accident analysis is used to discover the causes of workplace injuries and devise methods for preventing them in the future. There has been little discussion in the previous studies of the specific elements contributing to deadly construction accidents. In contrast to previous studies, this study focuses on the causes of fatal construction accidents based on management factors, unsafe site conditions, and workers' unsafe actions. The association rule mining technique identifies the hidden patterns or knowledge between the root causes of fatal construction accidents, and one hundred meaningful association rules were extracted from the two hundred and fifty-three rules generated. It was discovered that many fatal construction accidents were caused by management factors, unsafe site circumstances, and risky worker behaviors. These analyses can be used to demonstrate plausible cause-and-effect correlations, assisting in building a safer working environment in the construction sector. The study findings can be used more efficiently to design effective inspection procedures and occupational safety initiatives. Finally, the proposed method should be tested in a broader range of construction situations and scenarios to ensure that it is as accurate as possible.

Stone columns are one of the common types of ground improvement methods that applied to reduce the settlement and increase the stability of structures. This paper focuses on the non-uniform diameters of the stone column and aimed at providing some practical insights into the design by reducing the constructing material of the stone column with increasing the bearing capacity of the soft soil. In this study, two dimensional (2D) Finite Element analyses through PLAXIS 2D were performed to investigate the bearing capacity of uniform and non-uniform stone columns in soft soil. A Mohr-Coulomb constitutive soil model was adopted in the numerical analyses. The non-uniform stone columns modelling by creating two different diameters and lengths. The upper diameter d₁ was always larger than the lower half diameter d₂ with investigated ratio d₂: d₁ of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:5. The columns were 10 m long but varied in diameter length with nine different length ratios (l₁: l₂). By comparing between uniform and non-uniform shapes, one can determine the optimum column’s design. The highest bearing capacity obtained by the non-uniform stone column was one with the d₂:d₁ ratio equals to 1:5. The most economical shape for the stone column (the least volumes used to construct stone columns) was achieved at a ratio of d₂:d₁ = 1:2 and a length ratio of l₁:l₂ = 3:7.

Modern countries utilise buried pipelines for the long-distance transportation of water, oil, and gas due to their efficiency and continuity of delivery to receiving locations. Due to soil movements such as landslides, excessive earth pressure imposed on buried pipelines causes damage and, consequently, leaking of liquids, gases or other harmful effluents into the soil, groundwater, and atmosphere. By using a large-scale physical model, the lateral pipeline–soil interaction in sandy soil was researched. This study investigated the stress distribution on a buried pipe induced by lateral soil displacement. The external forces on the buried pipe caused by the surrounding soil motion were measured using earth pressure cells installed in the active zone along the pipeline. Additionally, visual inspection of ground deformation patterns on the surface, including tensile cracks, above a shallow-buried pipeline subjected to lateral soil movement was reported. The results revealed that lateral soil movement has a potency effect on buried pipelines. The findings also indicated that the highest stresses occur at the unstable soil boundaries prior to reaching the soil’s peak strength. After observing the soil surface’s rupture, most of the stress increments were concentrated in the middle section of the pipe.

Pipe displacement (bending) is one of the most prominent risks caused by the soil movements in the landslide areas. The lateral soil movement causes damages to the buried pipelines, which might explode due to leakage of flammable materials. Employing fibre optic sensors to monitor the buried pipes can maintain the integrity of piping systems and the surrounding environment. The fibre optic sensor has already demonstrated its capabilities to provide a continuous monitoring system for the structures. This paper aims to evaluate the buried pipeline displacement caused by the lateral soil movement. Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) is used to measure the strain values from the fibre optic cable. A small physical model is used to demonstrate the bending of High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe under the ground movement. This paper concludes that the fibre optic sensor could be employed to evaluate the horizontal and vertical displacements of the buried pipeline.

Buried pipelines are vulnerable to damage from geohazards such as landslides, making accurate strain monitoring essential for early hazard detection and integrity management. While conventional strain monitoring tools face limitations in long-distance applications, distributed fibre optic sensing (DFOS) offers continuous strain measurement with high spatial resolution along extended pipeline networks. This study proposes an optimised DFOS placement strategy for early-stage detection of strain induced by lateral soil movement. A novel laboratory-scale sandbox model was developed to simulate soil–pipeline interaction, with fibre optic cables installed at varying positions relative to the pipe. Complementary finite element analysis using ABAQUS was conducted to replicate and validate the physical test conditions. Results indicate that placing DFOS cables at a distance of 1.5D to 2D from the pipe (where D is the pipe diameter) provides optimal strain detection. Experimental and numerical results showed strong agreement, with an average strain deviation of less than 11%. The proposed placement approach enhances DFOS performance for buried pipeline monitoring and offers a practical, scalable solution for early-warning applications in geohazard-prone environments.