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Aquaculture is becoming the primary source of seafood for human diets, and farmed fish aquaculture is one of its fastest growing sectors. The industry currently faces several challenges including infectious and parasitic diseases, reduced viability, fertility reduction, slow growth, escapee fish and environmental pollution. The commercialization of the growth-enhanced AquAdvantage salmon and the CRISPR/Cas9-developed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) proffers genetic engineering and genome editing tools, e.g. CRISPR/Cas, as potential solutions to these challenges. Future traits being developed in different fish species include disease resistance, sterility, and enhanced growth. Despite these notable advances, off-target effect and non-clarification of trait-related genes among other technical challenges hinder full realization of CRISPR/Cas potentials in fish breeding. In addition, current regulatory and risk assessment frameworks are not fit-for purpose regarding the challenges of CRISPR/Cas notwithstanding that public and regulatory acceptance are key to commercialization of products of the new technology. In this study, we discuss how CRISPR/Cas can be used to overcome some of these limitations focusing on diseases and environmental release in farmed fish aquaculture. We further present technical limitations, regulatory and risk assessment challenges of the use of CRISPR/Cas, and proffer research strategies that will provide much-needed data for regulatory decisions, risk assessments, increased public awareness and sustainable applications of CRISPR/Cas in fish aquaculture with emphasis on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) breeding.
Arinze S. Okoli; Torill Blix; Anne I. Myhr; Wenteng Xu; Xiaodong Xu. Sustainable use of CRISPR/Cas in fish aquaculture: the biosafety perspective. Transgenic Research 2021, 1 -21.
AMA StyleArinze S. Okoli, Torill Blix, Anne I. Myhr, Wenteng Xu, Xiaodong Xu. Sustainable use of CRISPR/Cas in fish aquaculture: the biosafety perspective. Transgenic Research. 2021; ():1-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArinze S. Okoli; Torill Blix; Anne I. Myhr; Wenteng Xu; Xiaodong Xu. 2021. "Sustainable use of CRISPR/Cas in fish aquaculture: the biosafety perspective." Transgenic Research , no. : 1-21.
In Norway, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are regulated through the Gene Technology Act of 1993, which has received international attention for its inclusion of non-safety considerations. In 2017, the Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board triggered a process to revise the Act that included a public consultation and resulted in the “Proposal for relaxation.” Using poststructuralist discourse analysis, we critically analyze the premises and processes through which the proposal for relaxation was developed—including the public consultation—to understand the range of stakeholder concerns and how these concerns shaped the final proposal. We find that the proposal does not include all concerns equally. The Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board’s privileging of technological matters and its preference for tier-based regulation skewed the proposal in a way that reduced broader societal concerns to technological definitions and marginalized discussion of the social, cultural, and ethical issues raised by new gene technologies. To prevent such narrowing of stakeholder concerns in the future, we propose Latour’s model for political economy as a tool to gauge the openness of consultations for biotechnology regulation.
Sigfrid Kjeldaas; Trine Antonsen; Sarah Hartley; Anne Myhr. Public Consultation on Proposed Revisions to Norway’s Gene Technology Act: An Analysis of the Consultation Framing, Stakeholder Concerns, and the Integration of Non-Safety Considerations. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7643 .
AMA StyleSigfrid Kjeldaas, Trine Antonsen, Sarah Hartley, Anne Myhr. Public Consultation on Proposed Revisions to Norway’s Gene Technology Act: An Analysis of the Consultation Framing, Stakeholder Concerns, and the Integration of Non-Safety Considerations. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7643.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSigfrid Kjeldaas; Trine Antonsen; Sarah Hartley; Anne Myhr. 2021. "Public Consultation on Proposed Revisions to Norway’s Gene Technology Act: An Analysis of the Consultation Framing, Stakeholder Concerns, and the Integration of Non-Safety Considerations." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7643.
Novel genome editing techniques allow for efficient and targeted improvement of aquaculture stock and might be a solution to solve challenges related to disease and environmental impacts. This review has retrieved the latest research on genome editing on aquacultured finfish species, exploring the technological progress and the scope. Genome editing has most often been used on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus), followed by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus). More than half of the studies have focused on developing solutions for aquaculture challenges, while the rest can be characterized as basic research on fish genetics/physiology or technology development. Main traits researched are reproduction and development, growth, pigmentation, disease resistance, use of trans-GFP and study of the omega-3 metabolism, respectively. There is a certain correlation between the species identified and their commercial relevance, indicating the relevance of most studies for present challenges of aquaculture. Reviewing geographical origin of the research, China has been in the forefront (29 publications), followed by the United States (9) and Norway (7). The research seems not to be dependent on regulative conditions in the respective countries, but merely on the purpose and objectives for the use of genome editing technologies. Some technical barriers identified in the studies are presented together with solutions to overcome these-off-target effects, ancestral genome duplication and mosaicism in F0. One of the objectives for use is the contribution to a more sustainable aquaculture, where the most prominent issues are solutions that contribute to minimizing impact on biodiversity.
Torill Bakkelund Blix; Roy Ambli Dalmo; Anna Wargelius; Anne Ingeborg Myhr. Genome editing on finfish: Current status and implications for sustainability. Reviews in Aquaculture 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleTorill Bakkelund Blix, Roy Ambli Dalmo, Anna Wargelius, Anne Ingeborg Myhr. Genome editing on finfish: Current status and implications for sustainability. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorill Bakkelund Blix; Roy Ambli Dalmo; Anna Wargelius; Anne Ingeborg Myhr. 2021. "Genome editing on finfish: Current status and implications for sustainability." Reviews in Aquaculture , no. : 1.
Here we present the scope and administrative practice of the Norwegian Gene Technology Act. The main focus is on the objective of the environmental risk assessment which acknowledges both direct and indirect effects as well as immediate, delayed and cumulative effects on the environment. We describe the prohibition of two vaccines and seven applications of GM rapeseed. These applications are approved in Europe, but forbidden in Norway after taking environmental and biodiversity risks into consideration. The only approved GMOs in Norway are the import of five carnations, where the risk to the environment was not relevant. With the emergence of gene-edited organisms Norway does, as many other countries, discuss how to regulate, monitor and trace these organisms which represent a challenge to present regulative framework.
Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Idun Merete Grønsberg; Arinze Stanley Okoli. Norway—The Norwegian Gene Technology Act: Presenting Case Studies to Illustate the Act’s Advances in Protecting Biodiversity. Bioprospecting 2020, 641 -649.
AMA StyleAnne Ingeborg Myhr, Idun Merete Grønsberg, Arinze Stanley Okoli. Norway—The Norwegian Gene Technology Act: Presenting Case Studies to Illustate the Act’s Advances in Protecting Biodiversity. Bioprospecting. 2020; ():641-649.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnne Ingeborg Myhr; Idun Merete Grønsberg; Arinze Stanley Okoli. 2020. "Norway—The Norwegian Gene Technology Act: Presenting Case Studies to Illustate the Act’s Advances in Protecting Biodiversity." Bioprospecting , no. : 641-649.
This article presents and evaluates arguments supporting that an approval procedure for genome-edited organisms for food or feed should include a broad assessment of societal, ethical and environmental concerns; so-called non-safety assessment. The core of analysis is the requirement of the Norwegian Gene Technology Act that the sustainability, ethical and societal impacts of a genetically modified organism should be assessed prior to regulatory approval of the novel products. The article gives an overview how this requirement has been implemented in the regulatory practice, demonstrating that such assessment is feasible and justified. Even in situations where genome-edited organisms are considered comparable to non-modified organisms in terms of risk, the technology may have—in addition to social benefits—negative impacts that warrant assessments of the kind required in the Act. The main reason is the disruptive character of the genome editing technologies due to their potential for novel, ground-breaking solutions in agriculture and aquaculture combined with the economic framework shaped by the patent system. Food is fundamental for a good life, biologically and culturally, which warrants stricter assessment procedures than what is required for other industries, at least in countries like Norway with a strong tradition for national control over agricultural markets and breeding programs.
Bjørn Kåre Myskja; Anne Ingeborg Myhr. Non-safety Assessments of Genome-Edited Organisms: Should They be Included in Regulation? Science and Engineering Ethics 2020, 26, 2601 -2627.
AMA StyleBjørn Kåre Myskja, Anne Ingeborg Myhr. Non-safety Assessments of Genome-Edited Organisms: Should They be Included in Regulation? Science and Engineering Ethics. 2020; 26 (5):2601-2627.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBjørn Kåre Myskja; Anne Ingeborg Myhr. 2020. "Non-safety Assessments of Genome-Edited Organisms: Should They be Included in Regulation?" Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 5: 2601-2627.
Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Bjørn Kåre Myskja. Nanotechnology in Agriculture. Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics 2019, 1857 -1863.
AMA StyleAnne Ingeborg Myhr, Bjørn Kåre Myskja. Nanotechnology in Agriculture. Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics. 2019; ():1857-1863.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnne Ingeborg Myhr; Bjørn Kåre Myskja. 2019. "Nanotechnology in Agriculture." Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics , no. : 1857-1863.
New and emerging gene-editing techniques make it possible to target specific genes in species with greater speed and specificity than previously possible. Of major relevance for plant breeding, regulators and scientists are discussing how to regulate products developed using these gene-editing techniques. Such discussions include whether to adopt or adapt the current framework for GMO risk governance in evaluating the impacts of gene-edited plants, and derived products, on the environment, human and animal health and society. Product classification or definition is one of several aspects of the current framework being criticized. Further, knowledge gaps related to risk assessments of gene-edited organisms-for example of target and off-target effects of intervention in plant genomes-are also of concern. Resolving these and related aspects of the current framework will involve addressing many subjective, value-laden positions, for example how to specify protection goals through ecosystem service approaches. A process informed by responsible research and innovation practices, involving a broader community of people, organizations, experts, and interest groups, could help scientists, regulators, and other stakeholders address these complex, value-laden concerns related to gene-editing of plants with and for society.
Sarah Z. Agapito-Tenfen; Arinze Okoli; Michael J. Bernstein; Odd-Gunnar Wikmark; Anne Ingeborg Myhr. Revisiting Risk Governance of GM Plants: The Need to Consider New and Emerging Gene-Editing Techniques. Frontiers in Plant Science 2018, 9, 1874 .
AMA StyleSarah Z. Agapito-Tenfen, Arinze Okoli, Michael J. Bernstein, Odd-Gunnar Wikmark, Anne Ingeborg Myhr. Revisiting Risk Governance of GM Plants: The Need to Consider New and Emerging Gene-Editing Techniques. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018; 9 ():1874.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarah Z. Agapito-Tenfen; Arinze Okoli; Michael J. Bernstein; Odd-Gunnar Wikmark; Anne Ingeborg Myhr. 2018. "Revisiting Risk Governance of GM Plants: The Need to Consider New and Emerging Gene-Editing Techniques." Frontiers in Plant Science 9, no. : 1874.
A.I. Myhr; B.K. Myskja. 13. Gene-edited organisms should be assessed for sustainability, ethics and societal impacts. Professionals in food chains 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleA.I. Myhr, B.K. Myskja. 13. Gene-edited organisms should be assessed for sustainability, ethics and societal impacts. Professionals in food chains. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA.I. Myhr; B.K. Myskja. 2018. "13. Gene-edited organisms should be assessed for sustainability, ethics and societal impacts." Professionals in food chains , no. : 1.
The importance of socio-economic impacts (SEI) from the introduction and use of genetically modified (GM) crops is reflected in increasing efforts to include them in regulatory frameworks. Aiming to identify and understand the present knowledge on SEI of GM crops, we here report the findings from an extensive study of the published international scientific peer-reviewed literature. After applying specified selection criteria, a total of 410 articles are analysed. The main findings include: (i) limited empirical research on SEI of GM crops in the scientific literature; (ii) the main focus of the majority of the published research is on a restricted set of monetary economic parameters; (iii) proportionally, there are very few empirical studies on social and non-monetary economic aspects; (iv) most of the research reports only short-term findings; (v) the variable local contexts and conditions are generally ignored in research methodology and analysis; (vi) conventional agriculture is the commonly used comparator, with minimal consideration of other substantially different agricultural systems; and (vii) there is the overall tendency to frame the research upon not validated theoretical assumptions, and to over-extrapolate small-scale and short-term specific results to generalized conclusions. These findings point to a lack of empirical and comprehensive research on SEI of GM crops for possible use in decision-making. Broader questions and improved methodologies, assisted by more rigorous peer-review, will be required to overcome current research shortcomings.
Georgina Catacora-Vargas; Rosa Binimelis; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Brian Wynne. Socio-economic research on genetically modified crops: a study of the literature. Agriculture and Human Values 2017, 35, 489 -513.
AMA StyleGeorgina Catacora-Vargas, Rosa Binimelis, Anne Ingeborg Myhr, Brian Wynne. Socio-economic research on genetically modified crops: a study of the literature. Agriculture and Human Values. 2017; 35 (2):489-513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorgina Catacora-Vargas; Rosa Binimelis; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Brian Wynne. 2017. "Socio-economic research on genetically modified crops: a study of the literature." Agriculture and Human Values 35, no. 2: 489-513.
DNA vaccines have great potential as preventive or therapeutic vaccines against viral, bacterial, or parasitic diseases as well as cancer, and may also be used as gene therapy products. Although many human and veterinary DNA vaccines have been investigated in laboratory trials, only four of these have been approved for commercial use. In this paper an overview of the regulatory requirements for the development of DNA vaccines is given. The regulatory process in EU and USA is described. A discussion concerning the relevance of national regulations on gene technology is included. In addition the main safety concerns associated with DNA vaccines, relating to unwanted side effects in the vaccinated mammal or fish, are presented. Finally, the need for greater openness regarding the assessment information is discussed.
Anne Ingeborg Myhr. DNA Vaccines: Regulatory Considerations and Safety Aspects. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2017, 22, 79 -88.
AMA StyleAnne Ingeborg Myhr. DNA Vaccines: Regulatory Considerations and Safety Aspects. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2017; 22 ():79-88.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnne Ingeborg Myhr. 2017. "DNA Vaccines: Regulatory Considerations and Safety Aspects." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 22, no. : 79-88.
Current trends in ELSA policies are marked by keywords like collaboration, integration and Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). This article analyzes how these trends have manifested themselves in Norway with the aim to find ways to understand and respond adequately to these policy developments. Recent criticisms of ELSA strategies accompanied by arguments for a turn towards ‘post-ELSI’ research approaches hold that ELSA research was designed to maintain a sharp unproductive normative division of labor between natural scientists on the one hand and ELSA researchers on the other hand. ELSA strategies consequently have to be overcome and restructured towards collaboration, integration and RRI. Our account of the Norwegian ELSA history does not support this simple analysis of the ‘modernist’ character of early ELSA strategies. We present and analyze a shift as it took place in two successive ELSA programs in the Research Council of Norway, and argue that ELSA policies that rest only on post-ELSI analyses, risk reinventing the wheel of collaboration. By insisting on the creation of novel designing strategies, one disregards important lessons from the early phases of ELSA research, and even more importantly, fails to recognize that an ethics of construction implies different challenges for different groups of ELSA researchers.
Rune Nydal; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Bjørn Kåre Myskja. From ethics of restriction to ethics of construction: ELSA research in Norway. Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies 2016, 3, 34 .
AMA StyleRune Nydal, Anne Ingeborg Myhr, Bjørn Kåre Myskja. From ethics of restriction to ethics of construction: ELSA research in Norway. Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies. 2016; 3 (1):34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRune Nydal; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Bjørn Kåre Myskja. 2016. "From ethics of restriction to ethics of construction: ELSA research in Norway." Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies 3, no. 1: 34.
The aquaculture industry is under pressure to satisfy global demand for marine foods. Atlantic salmon has been bred for more than 40 years, and substantial progress has been made within the culturing and breeding programs. The improved growth rate of Atlantic salmon has been accompanied by an earlier onset of maturation. Among the factors controlling maturation in salmon are photoperiod, temperature, and body composition. Early sexual maturation is detrimental to fish health and quality when viewed from an aquacultural viewpoint. There are several approaches for alleviating this problem: (1) traditional selection, (2) manipulation of external factors affecting puberty (e.g., light), (3) novel biotechnological methods for improving breeding methods, (4) induction of polyploidy, and (5) genetic modification controlling maturation. This article presents the ecological and ethical issues connected to these approaches and argues the importance of acknowledging and discussing such issues in order to ensure that all stakeholder concerns are considered
Marianne Iversen; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Anna Wargelius. Approaches for delaying sexual maturation in salmon and their possible ecological and ethical implications. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 2016, 28, 330 -369.
AMA StyleMarianne Iversen, Anne Ingeborg Myhr, Anna Wargelius. Approaches for delaying sexual maturation in salmon and their possible ecological and ethical implications. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 2016; 28 (4):330-369.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarianne Iversen; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Anna Wargelius. 2016. "Approaches for delaying sexual maturation in salmon and their possible ecological and ethical implications." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 28, no. 4: 330-369.
Marine bioprospecting offers possibilities for sustainable innovation based on marine genetic resources. How to regulate the use of such marine genetic resources entails several challenges. The rationale for the introduction of legislation on access and benefit sharing (ABS) from the use of genetic resources is elaborated using Norway as a case. Similarities and differences from other initiatives are presented with Australia as the comparative case. Several lessons are transferable to the Norwegian situation, and may also be of high relevance to other countries introducing ABS legislation. In both Norway and Australia, there is an expressed need for an ABS system that can include a model that is based on access permissions rather than mere registration. There are difficulties involved in monitoring the genetic material from access to actual commercial product, and in distinguishing between bioprospecting for scientific and commercial use, which complicates a determination of when benefit sharing should be triggered. We suggest that the idea of benefit-sharing could be supported by the principle of cost-sharing.
G. Kristin Rosendal; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Morten Walløe Tvedt. Access and Benefit Sharing Legislation for Marine Bioprospecting: Lessons From Australia for the Role of Marbank in Norway. The Journal of World Intellectual Property 2016, 19, 86 -98.
AMA StyleG. Kristin Rosendal, Anne Ingeborg Myhr, Morten Walløe Tvedt. Access and Benefit Sharing Legislation for Marine Bioprospecting: Lessons From Australia for the Role of Marbank in Norway. The Journal of World Intellectual Property. 2016; 19 (3-4):86-98.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Kristin Rosendal; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Morten Walløe Tvedt. 2016. "Access and Benefit Sharing Legislation for Marine Bioprospecting: Lessons From Australia for the Role of Marbank in Norway." The Journal of World Intellectual Property 19, no. 3-4: 86-98.
The long-term persistence and activity of a naked plasmid DNA (pGL3-35S) containing a luc gene (reporter gene) controlled by a plant 35S CaMV promoter was studied in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after injection. Atlantic salmon (mean weight 70 grams) were injected intramuscularly with 100 μg of plasmid DNA. Blood, different tissues and organs were sampled at different time points up to day 535 after injection. Southern blot analysis suggested the presence of extra-chromosomally open circular, linear and supercoiled topoforms of pGL3-35S at day 150 after injection. At day 536 open circular and supercoiled topoforms were detected. Luciferase activity was detected at the injection site up to 536 days post-injection of pGL3-35S, where it peaked at day 150 and decreased to approximately 17% of its maximum activity by day 536. Our study demonstrated that a plasmid containing the 35S promoter was able to induce expression of a reporter gene/protein in fish in vivo and that the plasmid DNA persisted for a prolonged time after intramuscular injection.
Tore Seternes; Tom C. Tonheim; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Roy A. Dalmo. A plant 35S CaMV promoter induces long-term expression of luciferase in Atlantic salmon. Scientific Reports 2016, 6, 25096 .
AMA StyleTore Seternes, Tom C. Tonheim, Anne Ingeborg Myhr, Roy A. Dalmo. A plant 35S CaMV promoter induces long-term expression of luciferase in Atlantic salmon. Scientific Reports. 2016; 6 (1):25096.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTore Seternes; Tom C. Tonheim; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; Roy A. Dalmo. 2016. "A plant 35S CaMV promoter induces long-term expression of luciferase in Atlantic salmon." Scientific Reports 6, no. 1: 25096.
The importance of assessing socio-economic and sustainability aspects of genetically modified (GM) crops is increasingly recognized by policy-makers, both within the EU and internationally. Nevertheless, experience has shown that it is challenging to assess and implement these aspects in actual decision-making processes. This paper argues that stakeholder engagement may provide valuable insights when developing frameworks for sustainability assessment of GM crops. We organized two stakeholder workshops with the aim to gather perspectives on the sustainability of cultivating late blight resistant (LBR) GM potato in Norway. Sixteen Norwegian stakeholders involved in potato production and in agriculture in general took part in the workshops. Here, we present and discuss the outcomes of this participatory approach. The stakeholders identified several conditions that an LBR GM potato ought to satisfy in order to contribute to sustainable development. These conditions concerned environmental and health safety aspects of cultivating LBR GM potato, potential for fungicide reductions, durability of the LBR GM potato plant's resistance, farmers' profitability and consumer acceptance. In addition, the stakeholders considered issues such as maintenance of a diversity of potato cultivars, transparency during product development and risk assessment processes, ownership and control and opportunity for independent risk research as important considerations in a sustainability assessment. While focusing on a specific application of agricultural biotechnology, we believe that these findings are useful contributions to the ongoing efforts to develop frameworks and guidelines for assessing sustainability and socio-economic considerations of GM crops in general.
Frøydis T. Gillund; Anne I. Myhr; Audrun Utskarpen; Angelika Hilbeck. Stakeholder views on issues to consider when assessing the sustainability of genetically modified potato. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 2016, 14, 357 -376.
AMA StyleFrøydis T. Gillund, Anne I. Myhr, Audrun Utskarpen, Angelika Hilbeck. Stakeholder views on issues to consider when assessing the sustainability of genetically modified potato. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 2016; 14 (3):357-376.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrøydis T. Gillund; Anne I. Myhr; Audrun Utskarpen; Angelika Hilbeck. 2016. "Stakeholder views on issues to consider when assessing the sustainability of genetically modified potato." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 14, no. 3: 357-376.
Socio-economic considerations are included in the regulatory frameworks on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) of many countries. This is a reflection of an increasing interest in and recognition of the necessity to consider a broader range of issues when conducting a GMO risk assessment. At the same time, there are discussions about how socio-economic considerations can be identified and how their assessment can be carried out. To provide an understanding of the advances achieved so far, we describe the state of the art of existing biosafety institutional frameworks, legislation and policies with provisions on socio-economic considerations. We analyse the scope of the socio-economic considerations that have been included, the methodological options taken and the role of participatory processes and stakeholders involvement in the GMO-related decision-making. Since many of the countries that have legislation for assessing socio-economic considerations lack implementation experience, we provide an analysis of how implementation has evolved in Norway with the intention to illustrate that the inclusion of socio-economic considerations might be based on a learning process. Norway was the first country to include broader issues in its GMO assessment process, and is at present one of the countries with the most experience on implementation of these issues. Finally, we emphasise that there is a great need for training on how to perform assessments of socio-economic considerations, as well as reflection on possible ways for inclusion of participatory processes.
Rosa Binimelis; Anne Ingeborg Myhr. Inclusion and Implementation of Socio-Economic Considerations in GMO Regulations: Needs and Recommendations. Sustainability 2016, 8, 62 .
AMA StyleRosa Binimelis, Anne Ingeborg Myhr. Inclusion and Implementation of Socio-Economic Considerations in GMO Regulations: Needs and Recommendations. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (1):62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosa Binimelis; Anne Ingeborg Myhr. 2016. "Inclusion and Implementation of Socio-Economic Considerations in GMO Regulations: Needs and Recommendations." Sustainability 8, no. 1: 62.
E. Stien Grimsrud; B. Aarset; A.I. Myhr; V. Skagemo; I. Olesen. Genetic commons and codified commodities: exploring the role of intellectual property rights on genetic resources in Norwegian biotechnology innovation systems. Know your food 2015, 163 -168.
AMA StyleE. Stien Grimsrud, B. Aarset, A.I. Myhr, V. Skagemo, I. Olesen. Genetic commons and codified commodities: exploring the role of intellectual property rights on genetic resources in Norwegian biotechnology innovation systems. Know your food. 2015; ():163-168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Stien Grimsrud; B. Aarset; A.I. Myhr; V. Skagemo; I. Olesen. 2015. "Genetic commons and codified commodities: exploring the role of intellectual property rights on genetic resources in Norwegian biotechnology innovation systems." Know your food , no. : 163-168.
Rosa Binimelis; A.I. Myhr. Socio-economic considerations in GMO Regulations: opportunities and challenges. Know your food 2015, 61 -67.
AMA StyleRosa Binimelis, A.I. Myhr. Socio-economic considerations in GMO Regulations: opportunities and challenges. Know your food. 2015; ():61-67.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosa Binimelis; A.I. Myhr. 2015. "Socio-economic considerations in GMO Regulations: opportunities and challenges." Know your food , no. : 61-67.
F. Gillund; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; A. Hilbeck. Stakeholders’ perception on sustainability of genetically modified potato. Know your food 2015, 55 -60.
AMA StyleF. Gillund, Anne Ingeborg Myhr, A. Hilbeck. Stakeholders’ perception on sustainability of genetically modified potato. Know your food. 2015; ():55-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Gillund; Anne Ingeborg Myhr; A. Hilbeck. 2015. "Stakeholders’ perception on sustainability of genetically modified potato." Know your food , no. : 55-60.
Agriculture; Ethics; Food science; GM crops; GM foods; Risk; Socioeconomics Research on and development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has been facilitated by modern biotechnological techniques. The first GM plant, a tobacco plant expressing an antibiotic resistance gene taken from a bacterium, was grown in a greenhouse in 1983. Since then a variety of GM crop plants have been released into agricultural fields. At present, herbicide-resistant crops are the most widely grown GM plants (approximately 70 %). These GM crops contain genes that enable them to degrade ingredients in herbicides and imply that farmers can control weeds by herbicides as well as low tillage practices. Genes from the Bacillus thuringiensis have been inserted in plants to make them resist insect attacks and are the second most popular GM crops at the market together with plants that contain stacked genes, a combination of herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. At present, there are ...
Lise Nordgard; Idun Merete Gronsberg; Anne Ingeborg Myhr. GM Food, Nutrition, Safety, and Health. Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics 2014, 1127 -1135.
AMA StyleLise Nordgard, Idun Merete Gronsberg, Anne Ingeborg Myhr. GM Food, Nutrition, Safety, and Health. Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics. 2014; ():1127-1135.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLise Nordgard; Idun Merete Gronsberg; Anne Ingeborg Myhr. 2014. "GM Food, Nutrition, Safety, and Health." Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics , no. : 1127-1135.