Health psychology research is inherently context specific: Different health behaviors are executed by different target groups (e.g., gender, age) in different social structures, cultures, and environments. This asks for the adaptation of research instruments to enhance specificity. For example, when using measurement scales in new contexts, translation and psychometric validation of the instruments are necessary but not sufficient if the validity of the psychological concept behind a measurement scale has not been researched. In this study, we build on existing guidelines of translation as well as psychometric validation and present four steps on how to adapt measurement scales to a new context: Step 1 asks whether the psychological concept is found in the new context. Step 2 asks whether the measurement scale and its items are understood in the new context. Step 3 asks whether a measurement scale is valid and reliable. Step 4 asks how the items of the measurement scale perform individually. Following these four steps, measurement scales are carefully translated, adapted, and validated and can therefore be transferred to very different contexts.

Long-term management and use of community-based safe water systems are essential to reduce water-related health risks in rural areas. Water sector professionals frequently cite water users’ sense of ownership for the water system as essential for its continuity. This study aims to provide the first insight into users’ understanding of psychological ownership, as well as generalizable data, regarding safe water management in rural Nepal. In this convergent mixed-methods study, we conducted 22 qualitative and 493 quantitative interviews with community members in five districts of Nepal, where spring-fed piped water supplies were previously implemented through a demand-led, participatory planning approach. We analyzed the qualitative data by thematic analysis and modeled quantitative routes to and consequences of psychological ownership in generalized estimating equations. Findings from qualitative and quantitative analyses converged to show that community members’ decision-making, investment of labor and money, and knowledge about the water system were associated with greater psychological ownership. Psychological ownership was related to greater acceptance and responsibility for maintenance and use, as well as greater confidence in functionality of the water system, but not to its actual functionality. The results highlight the potential of psychological ownership and community participation for the longevity of community-based safe water infrastructure.

Focusing on "enabling approaches" that treat humans as partners can add another layer of protection to our cybersecurity defenses.

Community-based participatory action research (CBPAR) is a culturally sensitive research methodology which attempts to offer equitable opportunities for research participants (i.e., members of a community), researchers, and all relevant stakeholders to contribute to research decision-making, analysis of an issue and implementation of activities with the goal of achieving social change. CBPAR happens by embracing the human element of research participants and respecting the social realities of the communities. Projects following CBPAR happen in six phases where researchers and communities (1) consult one another to (2) exchange local knowledge, (3) jointly decide on common goals, (4) how to contribute, (5) evaluate, and (6) disseminate the impact of research activities. Though CBPAR may require additional efforts, it contributes through community participation to improved and sustainable changes in outcomes. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->

There are challenges in studying health psychology in the Global South. These arise in the form of practical challenges to funding and publication. There are also scientific challenges because of a history of exclusion of researchers, research participants, and salient research questions experienced in the Global South. In this chapter, we discuss these challenges and link with other chapters in this section in highlighting that equal collaborations, based on sound principles of partnership, are the way to make health psychology research both more equitable and scientifically sound. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->