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Dr. Kathryn Reardon-Smith
Centre for Applied Climate Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia

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0 Ecosystem Services
0 Water Security
0 climate services
0 climate risk management
0 Integrated modelling

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climate risk management

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Article
Published: 02 March 2020 in Climatic Change
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Climate change will significantly impact the future viability and security of food production systems, with increased frequency and intensity of droughts, floods, storms and other extreme climatic events predicted in many regions. In order for food production systems to remain viable and resilient under a changing climate, novel approaches, which integrate risk management (i.e. adaptation) and risk transfer strategies, such as insurance, are required. We argue that the coordinated integration of risk management and risk transfer approaches will support greater resilience of food production systems under climate change. Conversely, if risk management and risk transfer strategies are not carefully integrated, there is potential to undermine adaptive capacity (e.g. insurance subsidies may dissuade farmers from investing in climate adaptation) and ultimately reduce the capacity of food production systems to cope with and recover from the adverse impacts of climate change. Here we propose a resilience-based conceptual framework for integrating risk management and risk transfer strategies along with four key principles, which we believe could underlie their successful integration and thus enhance food production system resilience under climate change. These are as follows: (1) pro-active investments in farmer climate adaptation rather than re-active disaster relief, (2) structuring of government subsidies around insurance and climate disaster relief to incentivise farmer climate adaptation, (3) rewarding farmer efforts towards climate adaptation with cheaper insurance premiums for those farmers that invest resources into climate adaptation and (4) recognising investments in the integration of farm climate adaptation and risk transfer schemes within the broader context of future climate disaster risk management and global food security. Such an integrated investment approach could substantially reduce future economic losses for farmers while also enhancing food security under climate change.

ACS Style

Shahbaz Mushtaq; Jarrod Kath; Roger Stone; Ross Henry; Peter Läderach; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; David Cobon; Torben Marcussen; Neil Cliffe; Paul Kristiansen; Frederik Pischke. Creating positive synergies between risk management and transfer to accelerate food system climate resilience. Climatic Change 2020, 161, 465 -478.

AMA Style

Shahbaz Mushtaq, Jarrod Kath, Roger Stone, Ross Henry, Peter Läderach, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, David Cobon, Torben Marcussen, Neil Cliffe, Paul Kristiansen, Frederik Pischke. Creating positive synergies between risk management and transfer to accelerate food system climate resilience. Climatic Change. 2020; 161 (3):465-478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shahbaz Mushtaq; Jarrod Kath; Roger Stone; Ross Henry; Peter Läderach; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; David Cobon; Torben Marcussen; Neil Cliffe; Paul Kristiansen; Frederik Pischke. 2020. "Creating positive synergies between risk management and transfer to accelerate food system climate resilience." Climatic Change 161, no. 3: 465-478.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2019 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Depletion of groundwater resources is of increasing concern in many parts of the world; however, farmers' perceptions of resource status and the role these have in influencing decisions about groundwater use are rarely considered and even more rarely analysed. This paper investigates the links between farmers' perceptions of resource condition and drivers of groundwater decline and patterns of groundwater use in the semi-arid highland region of Balochistan, Pakistan. Key factors associated with groundwater over-exploitation in this region, identified by farmers, include: high returns from irrigated fruit and vegetable cultivation; drought; mass installation of tubewells; inefficient irrigation practices; government policies and subsidies that promote groundwater development; and lack of effective groundwater governance. Critically, while a majority of farmers in this study believe that groundwater is a limited resource, there is little evidence to indicate that this then leads to sustainable groundwater use decision making within these communities. Without effective intervention, groundwater resources in this region will potentially suffer the consequences of human behaviour associated with the use of common pool resources identified in Hardin's (1968) seminal 'Tragedy of the Commons' paper. This study exemplifies the importance to the future of rural communities in water scarce regions of effective governance, regulations and economic incentives for sustainable water management.

ACS Style

Syed Muhammad Khair; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Kate Reardon-Smith; Jenny Ostini. Diverse drivers of unsustainable groundwater extraction behaviour operate in an unregulated water scarce region. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 236, 340 -350.

AMA Style

Syed Muhammad Khair, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Kate Reardon-Smith, Jenny Ostini. Diverse drivers of unsustainable groundwater extraction behaviour operate in an unregulated water scarce region. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 236 ():340-350.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Syed Muhammad Khair; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Kate Reardon-Smith; Jenny Ostini. 2019. "Diverse drivers of unsustainable groundwater extraction behaviour operate in an unregulated water scarce region." Journal of Environmental Management 236, no. : 340-350.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2019 in Energies
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Akin to a public good, emissions reduction suffers from the ‘free rider’ syndrome. Although many countries claim that they are meeting their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction commitments, the average global temperature and GHG emissions continue to rise. This has led to growing speculation that some countries may be taking advantage of the system by effectively exploiting a range of loopholes in global agreements. Using a case study approach, we critically review the evidence from Australia, exploring how Australia has participated in global climate change negotiations and the way in which this emissions intensive country’s national emissions reduction obligations have been met. The findings suggest that: (1) successful negotiation to include Article 3.7 (‘Adjusting the 1990 Baseline’ or ‘the Australia Clause’) in the Kyoto Protocol significantly favored Australia’s ability to meet its First Kyoto Commitment (2008–2012); and (2) successful bargaining for the accounting rule that allowed carbon credits from the first commitment period to be carried over to the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol benefitted Australia by 128 MtCO2e. At the national level, a lack of bipartisan political support for an effective mechanism to drive emissions reduction has also been problematic. While the introduction of the Carbon Pricing Mechanism (CPM) in 2012 reduced emissions from electricity production from about 199.1 MtCO2e to 180.8 MtCO2e in 2014, a change of government led to the abolition of the CPM in 2014 and emissions from electricity production subsequently rose to 187 MtCO2e in 2015 and 189 MtCO2e in 2016 with adverse impacts in many sectors as well as Australia’s overall emissions. The current Australian government continues to undermine its commitment to mitigation and the integrity and credibility of its own emissions reductions policy, introducing a softer ‘calculated baseline’ for its own Safeguard Mechanism, which allows companies to upwardly adjust their calculated baselines on the basis of their highest expected emissions, permitting emissions in excess of their historical emissions. While disappointing in the context of the global emissions reduction project, Australia’s actions are sadly not unique and we also provide examples of loopholes exploited by countries participating in a range of other negotiations and emissions reduction projects. Such strategies undoubtedly serve the short-term political and economic interests of these countries; however, it is increasingly apparent that the cumulative impact of such tactics will ultimately impact the entire global community.

ACS Style

Tek Maraseni; Kathryn Reardon-Smith. Meeting National Emissions Reduction Obligations: A Case Study of Australia. Energies 2019, 12, 438 .

AMA Style

Tek Maraseni, Kathryn Reardon-Smith. Meeting National Emissions Reduction Obligations: A Case Study of Australia. Energies. 2019; 12 (3):438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tek Maraseni; Kathryn Reardon-Smith. 2019. "Meeting National Emissions Reduction Obligations: A Case Study of Australia." Energies 12, no. 3: 438.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2019 in European Journal of Agronomy
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Seasonal climate forecasts (SCFs) have potential to improve productivity and profitability in the sugar industry. However, they are often underutilised due to insufficient evidence of the economic value of the forecasts, especially when there is a level of uncertainty associated with SCFs. Here, we demonstrate the value of integrating SCFs at various forecast quality (skill) levels into seasonal irrigation planning for sugarcane farming. A seasonal forecast system based on ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) phases was parameterised by forecast quality to predict seasonal precipitation tercile (i.e. wet, neutral and dry) categories. A bio-economic model was developed to determine water-yield-profit relationships. Sugarcane production under different climatic conditions and irrigation scheduling scenarios was simulated using the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM)-Sugar, calibrated using case study information from one of Australia’s major irrigated sugarcane growing regions. We then employed an expected profit approach to achieve an optimal profit, rather than the more conventional optimal yield, for plant and ratoon crops to quantify the potential value of using SCFs in sugarcane irrigation decision making. The results show that using skilled SCF systems in sugarcane irrigation decision making can help growers improve their gross margin compared to that achieved in the absence of climate information (economic value). With a perfect forecast of moderate climatic conditions, an average economic value of up to AUD 27 ha−1 per annum was achieved, while forecasts of moderate wet or dry conditions indicated gains of up to AUD 40 and 43 ha−1 per annum, respectively, and forecasts of extreme wet or dry conditions delivered economic gains of up to AUD 150 and 260 ha−1 per annum, respectively. With the current seasonal climate forecast skill of 60% (based on the ENSO phases forecasting system) in the case study region, an average gain of up to AUD 4.5 ha−1 per annum was realised, with up to AUD 6.2 and 7.1 ha−1 per annum, respectively, for moderate wet and dry forecasting and up to AUD 92 and 43 ha−1 per annum, respectively, for extreme wet and dry forecasting. Improvements in the skill and reliability of SCFs will be important for achieving greater productivity and/or profitability and the wider uptake of climate forecasts in agricultural decision making.

ACS Style

Duc-Anh An-Vo; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Louis Kouadio; Steve Attard; David Cobon; Roger Stone. Value of seasonal forecasting for sugarcane farm irrigation planning. European Journal of Agronomy 2019, 104, 37 -48.

AMA Style

Duc-Anh An-Vo, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, Louis Kouadio, Steve Attard, David Cobon, Roger Stone. Value of seasonal forecasting for sugarcane farm irrigation planning. European Journal of Agronomy. 2019; 104 ():37-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duc-Anh An-Vo; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Louis Kouadio; Steve Attard; David Cobon; Roger Stone. 2019. "Value of seasonal forecasting for sugarcane farm irrigation planning." European Journal of Agronomy 104, no. : 37-48.

Journal article
Published: 10 January 2019 in Land Use Policy
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Water trading has become a key water scarcity risk-management tool for irrigators. Effective and enduring water trade systems require approaches that can cope with dynamic complexity and enable the inclusion of multiple stakeholders. Previous efforts to improve water trade systems have largely focused on reductionist approaches, which examine system components in isolation neglecting their interconnected nature. Such approaches to water trade system assessment are at risk of maladaptation resulting in increased market inefficiencies, transaction costs and market failure through barriers to participation. Using a systems thinking approach, we develop a conceptual model of a generalised water trade system in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin (MDB or the Basin). The model visualises the Basin's water trade systems as a whole and identifies feedback mechanisms likely to influence trade development and endurance. We argue that such a conceptual model provides an effective communication tool for achieving a better understanding of market dynamics and alignment of stakeholder priorities to improve enduring market use. It can also serve as an assessment/evaluation tool for water trade policy and identify key leverage points for systemic interventions.

ACS Style

Thanh Mai; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Adam Loch; K. Reardon-Smith; Duc-Anh An-Vo. A systems thinking approach to water trade: Finding leverage for sustainable development. Land Use Policy 2019, 82, 595 -608.

AMA Style

Thanh Mai, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Adam Loch, K. Reardon-Smith, Duc-Anh An-Vo. A systems thinking approach to water trade: Finding leverage for sustainable development. Land Use Policy. 2019; 82 ():595-608.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thanh Mai; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Adam Loch; K. Reardon-Smith; Duc-Anh An-Vo. 2019. "A systems thinking approach to water trade: Finding leverage for sustainable development." Land Use Policy 82, no. : 595-608.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2019 in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought globally with potentially significant consequences for grasslands. We examined grassland responses to a long-term drought on the Darling Downs, eastern Australia, using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), a remotely sensed measure of primary productivity. This extreme drought period had rainfall deficits comparable to the hottest and driest projected climate change scenarios for 2030 and was followed by extreme rainfall. This juxtaposition allowed investigation of grassland dynamics (decline and recovery) under extreme climatic variability. Our aim was to determine whether factors associated with grassland decline during extreme drought are the same as those that drive recovery post drought. There is limited knowledge about whether the determinants of grassland decline and recovery are consistent, but this information is important for understanding how best to reduce grassland decline, without inhibiting recovery. We calculated EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) trends at 2549 grassland sites situated in an agricultural landscape and used boosted regression trees to model these against multiple hydro-climatic and land use factors. As anticipated, hydro-climatic variables were key drivers of EVI trends in both the drought and wet phases, with higher soil moisture corresponding to less decline in the drought phase and enhanced recovery in the wet phase; however, land use and plant trait variables were also important predictors of EVI trends. Higher proportions of dryland agriculture in the local landscape, high C3:C4 ratios and lower proportions of woody vegetation in the local landscape were associated with negative EVI trends (i.e. greater decline) during drought, but had inverse or negligible effects during the post drought recovery phase. Our results suggest that mitigating decline and fostering grassland recovery following drought requires considering multiple hydro-climatic, land use and plant trait drivers and how their importance changes under drought and wet phases.

ACS Style

Jarrod Kath; Andrew F. Le Brocque; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Armando Apan. Remotely sensed agricultural grassland productivity responses to land use and hydro-climatic drivers under extreme drought and rainfall. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2019, 268, 11 -22.

AMA Style

Jarrod Kath, Andrew F. Le Brocque, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, Armando Apan. Remotely sensed agricultural grassland productivity responses to land use and hydro-climatic drivers under extreme drought and rainfall. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2019; 268 ():11-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jarrod Kath; Andrew F. Le Brocque; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Armando Apan. 2019. "Remotely sensed agricultural grassland productivity responses to land use and hydro-climatic drivers under extreme drought and rainfall." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 268, no. : 11-22.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in The Rangeland Journal
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Seasonal climate forecasts (SCFs) have the potential to improve productivity and profitability in agricultural industries, but are often underutilised due to insufficient evidence of the economic value of forecasts and uncertainty about their reliability. In this study we developed a bio-economic model of forecast use, explicitly incorporating forecast uncertainty. Using agricultural systems (ag-systems) production simulation software calibrated with case study information, we simulated pasture growth, herd dynamics and annual economic returns under different climatic conditions. We then employed a regret and value function approach to quantify the potential economic value of using SCFs (at both current and improved accuracy levels) in decision making for a grazing enterprise in north-eastern Queensland, Australia – a region subject to significant seasonal and intra-decadal climate variability. Applying an expected utility economic modelling approach, we show that skilled SCF systems can contribute considerable value to farm level decision making. At the current SCF skill of 62% (derived by correlating the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal and historical climate data) at Charters Towers, an average annual forecast value of AU$4420 (4.25%) was realised for the case study average annual net profit of AU$104000, while a perfect (no regret) forecast system could result in an increased return of AU$13475 per annum (13% of the case study average annual net profit). Continued improvements in the skill and reliability of SCFs is likely to both increase the value of SCFs to agriculture and drive wider uptake of climate forecasts in on-farm decision making. We also anticipate that an integrated framework, such as that developed in this study, may provide a pathway for better communication with end users to support improved understanding and use of forecasts in agricultural decision making and enhanced sustainability of agricultural enterprises.

ACS Style

Duc-Anh An-Vo; Kate Reardon-Smith; Shahbaz Mushtaq; David Cobon; Shreevatsa Kodur; Roger Stone. Value of seasonal climate forecasts in reducing economic losses for grazing enterprises: Charters Towers case study. The Rangeland Journal 2019, 41, 165 .

AMA Style

Duc-Anh An-Vo, Kate Reardon-Smith, Shahbaz Mushtaq, David Cobon, Shreevatsa Kodur, Roger Stone. Value of seasonal climate forecasts in reducing economic losses for grazing enterprises: Charters Towers case study. The Rangeland Journal. 2019; 41 (3):165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duc-Anh An-Vo; Kate Reardon-Smith; Shahbaz Mushtaq; David Cobon; Shreevatsa Kodur; Roger Stone. 2019. "Value of seasonal climate forecasts in reducing economic losses for grazing enterprises: Charters Towers case study." The Rangeland Journal 41, no. 3: 165.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2018 in Journal of Hydrology
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ACS Style

Tai Nguyen-Ky; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Adam Loch; Kate Reardon-Smith; Duc-Anh An-Vo; Duc Ngo-Cong; Thanh Tran-Cong. Predicting water allocation trade prices using a hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Bayesian modelling approach. Journal of Hydrology 2018, 567, 781 -791.

AMA Style

Tai Nguyen-Ky, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Adam Loch, Kate Reardon-Smith, Duc-Anh An-Vo, Duc Ngo-Cong, Thanh Tran-Cong. Predicting water allocation trade prices using a hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Bayesian modelling approach. Journal of Hydrology. 2018; 567 ():781-791.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tai Nguyen-Ky; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Adam Loch; Kate Reardon-Smith; Duc-Anh An-Vo; Duc Ngo-Cong; Thanh Tran-Cong. 2018. "Predicting water allocation trade prices using a hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Bayesian modelling approach." Journal of Hydrology 567, no. : 781-791.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Journal of Hydrology
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Chronic groundwater decline is a concern in many of the world’s major agricultural areas. However, a general lack of accurate long-term in situ measurement of groundwater depth and analysis of trends prevents understanding of the dynamics of these systems at landscape scales. This is particularly worrying in the context of future climate uncertainties. This study examines long‐term groundwater responses to climate variability in a major agricultural production landscape in southern Queensland, Australia. Based on records for 381 groundwater bores, we used a modified Mann-Kendall non-parametric test and Sen’s slope estimator to determine groundwater trends across a 26-year period (1989–2015) and in distinct wet and dry climatic phases. Comparison of trends between climatic phases showed groundwater level recovery during wet phases was insufficient to offset the decline in groundwater level from the previous dry phase. Across the entire 26-year sampling period, groundwater bore levels (all bores) showed an overall significant declining trend (p0.05). Spatially, both declining and rising bores were highly clustered. We conclude that over 1989–2015 there is a significant net decline in groundwater levels driven by a smaller subset of highly responsive bores in high irrigation areas within the catchment. Despite a number of targeted policy interventions, chronic groundwater decline remains evident in the catchment. We argue that this is likely to continue and to occur more widely under potential climate change and that policy makers, groundwater users and managers need to engage in planning to ensure the sustainability of this vital resource.

ACS Style

Andrew F. Le Brocque; Jarrod Kath; Kathryn Reardon-Smith. Chronic groundwater decline: A multi-decadal analysis of groundwater trends under extreme climate cycles. Journal of Hydrology 2018, 561, 976 -986.

AMA Style

Andrew F. Le Brocque, Jarrod Kath, Kathryn Reardon-Smith. Chronic groundwater decline: A multi-decadal analysis of groundwater trends under extreme climate cycles. Journal of Hydrology. 2018; 561 ():976-986.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew F. Le Brocque; Jarrod Kath; Kathryn Reardon-Smith. 2018. "Chronic groundwater decline: A multi-decadal analysis of groundwater trends under extreme climate cycles." Journal of Hydrology 561, no. : 976-986.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Land Use Policy
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ACS Style

Shiva Shankar Pandey; Tek Narayan Maraseni; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Geoff Cockfield. Analysing foregone costs of communities and carbon benefits in small scale community based forestry practice in Nepal. Land Use Policy 2017, 69, 160 -166.

AMA Style

Shiva Shankar Pandey, Tek Narayan Maraseni, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, Geoff Cockfield. Analysing foregone costs of communities and carbon benefits in small scale community based forestry practice in Nepal. Land Use Policy. 2017; 69 ():160-166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shiva Shankar Pandey; Tek Narayan Maraseni; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Geoff Cockfield. 2017. "Analysing foregone costs of communities and carbon benefits in small scale community based forestry practice in Nepal." Land Use Policy 69, no. : 160-166.

Book chapter
Published: 01 September 2017 in Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity
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ACS Style

S. Mohammed Irshad; Saeid Eslamian; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Allyson Williams; Shahbaz Mushtaq; David Cobon; David McRae; Louis Kouadio. Politics of Drought Management and Water Control in India. Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity 2017, 449 -462.

AMA Style

S. Mohammed Irshad, Saeid Eslamian, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, Allyson Williams, Shahbaz Mushtaq, David Cobon, David McRae, Louis Kouadio. Politics of Drought Management and Water Control in India. Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity. 2017; ():449-462.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Mohammed Irshad; Saeid Eslamian; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Allyson Williams; Shahbaz Mushtaq; David Cobon; David McRae; Louis Kouadio. 2017. "Politics of Drought Management and Water Control in India." Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity , no. : 449-462.

Review
Published: 01 March 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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Exposure to geogenic contaminants (GCs) such as metal(loid)s, radioactive metals and isotopes as well as transuraniums occurring naturally in geogenic sources (rocks, minerals) can negatively impact on environmental and human health. The GCs are released into the environment by natural biogeochemical processes within the near-surface environments and/or by anthropogenic activities such as mining and hydrocarbon exploitation as well as exploitation of geothermal resources. They can contaminate soil, water, air and biota and subsequently enter the food chain with often serious health impacts which are mostly underestimated and poorly recognized. Global population explosion and economic growth and the associated increase in demand for water, energy, food, and mineral resources result in accelerated release of GCs globally. The emerging science of "medical geology" assesses the complex relationships between geo-environmental factors and their impacts on humans and environments and is related to the majority of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations for Sustainable Development. In this paper, we identify multiple lines of evidence for the role of GCs in the incidence of diseases with as yet unknown etiology (causation). Integrated medical geology promises a more holistic understanding of the occurrence, mobility, bioavailability, bio-accessibility, exposure and transfer mechanisms of GCs to the food-chain and humans, and the related ecotoxicological impacts and health effects. Scientific evidence based on this approach will support adaptive solutions for prevention, preparedness and response regarding human and environmental health impacts originating from exposure to GCs.

ACS Style

Jochen Bundschuh; Jyoti Prakash Maity; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Meththika Vithanage; Saman Seneweera; Jerusa Schneider; Prosun Bhattacharya; Nasreen Islam Khan; Ihsan Hamawand; Luiz R.G. Guilherme; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Faruque Parvez; Nury Morales-Simfors; Sara Ghaze; Christa Pudmenzky; Louis Kouadio; Chien-Yen Chen. Medical geology in the framework of the sustainable development goals. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 581-582, 87 -104.

AMA Style

Jochen Bundschuh, Jyoti Prakash Maity, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Meththika Vithanage, Saman Seneweera, Jerusa Schneider, Prosun Bhattacharya, Nasreen Islam Khan, Ihsan Hamawand, Luiz R.G. Guilherme, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, Faruque Parvez, Nury Morales-Simfors, Sara Ghaze, Christa Pudmenzky, Louis Kouadio, Chien-Yen Chen. Medical geology in the framework of the sustainable development goals. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 581-582 ():87-104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jochen Bundschuh; Jyoti Prakash Maity; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Meththika Vithanage; Saman Seneweera; Jerusa Schneider; Prosun Bhattacharya; Nasreen Islam Khan; Ihsan Hamawand; Luiz R.G. Guilherme; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Faruque Parvez; Nury Morales-Simfors; Sara Ghaze; Christa Pudmenzky; Louis Kouadio; Chien-Yen Chen. 2017. "Medical geology in the framework of the sustainable development goals." Science of The Total Environment 581-582, no. : 87-104.

Review
Published: 16 November 2016 in Carbon Balance and Management
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Savanna fire is a major source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Australia, savanna fire contributes about 3% of annual GHG emissions reportable to the Kyoto Protocol. In order to reduce GHG emissions from savanna burning, the Australian government has developed and approved a Kyoto compliant savanna controlled burning methodology—the first legal instrument of this kind at a global level—under its Emission Reduction Fund. However, this approved methodology is currently only applicable to nine vegetation fuel types across northern parts of Australia in areas which receive on average over 600 mm rainfall annually, covering only 15.4% of the total land area in Australia. Savanna ecosystems extend across a large proportion of mainland Australia. This paper provides a critical review of ten key factors that need to be considered in developing a savanna burning methodology applicable to the other parts of Australia. It will also inform discussion in other countries intent on developing similar emissions reduction strategies.

ACS Style

Tek Narayan Maraseni; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Greg Griffiths; Armando Apan. Savanna burning methodology for fire management and emissions reduction: a critical review of influencing factors. Carbon Balance and Management 2016, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Tek Narayan Maraseni, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, Greg Griffiths, Armando Apan. Savanna burning methodology for fire management and emissions reduction: a critical review of influencing factors. Carbon Balance and Management. 2016; 11 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tek Narayan Maraseni; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Greg Griffiths; Armando Apan. 2016. "Savanna burning methodology for fire management and emissions reduction: a critical review of influencing factors." Carbon Balance and Management 11, no. 1: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 10 March 2016 in The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension
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ACS Style

Neil Cliffe; Roger Stone; Jeff Coutts; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Shahbaz Mushtaq. Developing the capacity of farmers to understand and apply seasonal climate forecasts through collaborative learning processes. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 2016, 22, 311 -325.

AMA Style

Neil Cliffe, Roger Stone, Jeff Coutts, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, Shahbaz Mushtaq. Developing the capacity of farmers to understand and apply seasonal climate forecasts through collaborative learning processes. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. 2016; 22 (4):311-325.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neil Cliffe; Roger Stone; Jeff Coutts; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Shahbaz Mushtaq. 2016. "Developing the capacity of farmers to understand and apply seasonal climate forecasts through collaborative learning processes." The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 22, no. 4: 311-325.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2015 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

S. Mushtaq; T.N. Maraseni; K. Reardon-Smith; J. Bundschuh; T. Jackson. Integrated assessment of water–energy–GHG emissions tradeoffs in an irrigated lucerne production system in eastern Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production 2015, 103, 491 -498.

AMA Style

S. Mushtaq, T.N. Maraseni, K. Reardon-Smith, J. Bundschuh, T. Jackson. Integrated assessment of water–energy–GHG emissions tradeoffs in an irrigated lucerne production system in eastern Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015; 103 ():491-498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Mushtaq; T.N. Maraseni; K. Reardon-Smith; J. Bundschuh; T. Jackson. 2015. "Integrated assessment of water–energy–GHG emissions tradeoffs in an irrigated lucerne production system in eastern Australia." Journal of Cleaner Production 103, no. : 491-498.

Journal article
Published: 25 July 2015 in Journal of Applied Ecology
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ACS Style

Jarrod Kath; Sue Powell; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Sondoss Elsawah; Anthony Jakeman; Barry Croke; Fiona J. Dyer. Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. Journal of Applied Ecology 2015, 52, 1116 -1125.

AMA Style

Jarrod Kath, Sue Powell, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, Sondoss Elsawah, Anthony Jakeman, Barry Croke, Fiona J. Dyer. Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2015; 52 (5):1116-1125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jarrod Kath; Sue Powell; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Sondoss Elsawah; Anthony Jakeman; Barry Croke; Fiona J. Dyer. 2015. "Groundwater salinization intensifies drought impacts in forests and reduces refuge capacity." Journal of Applied Ecology 52, no. 5: 1116-1125.

Book chapter
Published: 07 April 2015 in Climate, Energy and Water
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ACS Style

Shahbaz Mushtaq; Tek N. Maraseni; Kathryn Reardon-Smith. Trade-offs and synergies between water and energy use in rural Australia. Climate, Energy and Water 2015, 123 -140.

AMA Style

Shahbaz Mushtaq, Tek N. Maraseni, Kathryn Reardon-Smith. Trade-offs and synergies between water and energy use in rural Australia. Climate, Energy and Water. 2015; ():123-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shahbaz Mushtaq; Tek N. Maraseni; Kathryn Reardon-Smith. 2015. "Trade-offs and synergies between water and energy use in rural Australia." Climate, Energy and Water , no. : 123-140.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2015 in Water Resources Management
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Uncertainty and shortages of surface water supplies, as a result of global climate change, necessitate development of groundwater in many canal commands. Groundwater can be expensive to pump, but provides a reliable supply if managed sustainably. Groundwater can be used optimally in conjunction with surface water supplies. The use of such conjunctive systems can significantly decrease the risk associated with a stochastic availability of surface water supply. However, increasing pumping cost due to groundwater drawdown and energy prices are key concerns. We propose an innovative nonlinear programing model for the optimisation of profitability and productivity in an irrigation command area, with conjunctive water use options. The model, rather than using exogenous yields and gross margins, uses crop water production and profit functions to endogenously determine yields and water uses, and associated gross margins, respectively, for various conjunctive water use options. The model allows the estimation of the potential economic benefits of conjunctive water use and derives an optimal use of regional level land and water resources by maximising the net benefits and water productivity under various physical and economic constraints, including escalating energy prices. The proposed model is applied to the Coleambally Irrigation Area (CIA) in southeastern Australia to explore potential of conjunctive water use and evaluate economic implication of increasing energy prices. The results show that optimal conjunctive water use can offer significant economic benefit especially at low levels of surface water allocation and pumping cost. The results show that conjunctive water use potentially generates additional AUD 57.3 million if groundwater price is the same as surface water price. The benefit decreases significantly with increasing pumping cost.

ACS Style

D.-A. An-Vo; S. Mushtaq; T. Nguyen-Ky; J. Bundschuh; T. Tran-Cong; T. N. Maraseni; K. Reardon-Smith. Nonlinear Optimisation Using Production Functions to Estimate Economic Benefit of Conjunctive Water Use for Multicrop Production. Water Resources Management 2015, 29, 2153 -2170.

AMA Style

D.-A. An-Vo, S. Mushtaq, T. Nguyen-Ky, J. Bundschuh, T. Tran-Cong, T. N. Maraseni, K. Reardon-Smith. Nonlinear Optimisation Using Production Functions to Estimate Economic Benefit of Conjunctive Water Use for Multicrop Production. Water Resources Management. 2015; 29 (7):2153-2170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D.-A. An-Vo; S. Mushtaq; T. Nguyen-Ky; J. Bundschuh; T. Tran-Cong; T. N. Maraseni; K. Reardon-Smith. 2015. "Nonlinear Optimisation Using Production Functions to Estimate Economic Benefit of Conjunctive Water Use for Multicrop Production." Water Resources Management 29, no. 7: 2153-2170.

Book
Published: 01 January 2015 in Climate, Energy and Water
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Cambridge Core - Natural Resource and Environmental Economics - Climate, Energy and Water - edited by Jamie Pittock

ACS Style

Albert I. J. M. Van Dijk; Thomas J. Wilbanks; Nicole T. Carter; Nadia Madden; Martin J. Pasqualetti; Jeffrey J. Opperman; Joerg Hartmann; David Harrison; Anna Dalla Marta; Francesca Orlando; Marco Mancini; Simone Orlandini; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Tek N. Maraseni; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Steven Kenway; Benjamin K. Sovacool; Ajith Rao; Greg Oliver; Jacqueline Peel; Neil Byron; Michael Smith; Georges Dyer; Philip Wallis; Tom Iseman; Vince C. Tidwell; Jan Lundqvist; Junguo Liu; Jakob Lundberg. Climate, Energy and Water. Climate, Energy and Water 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Albert I. J. M. Van Dijk, Thomas J. Wilbanks, Nicole T. Carter, Nadia Madden, Martin J. Pasqualetti, Jeffrey J. Opperman, Joerg Hartmann, David Harrison, Anna Dalla Marta, Francesca Orlando, Marco Mancini, Simone Orlandini, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Tek N. Maraseni, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, Steven Kenway, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Ajith Rao, Greg Oliver, Jacqueline Peel, Neil Byron, Michael Smith, Georges Dyer, Philip Wallis, Tom Iseman, Vince C. Tidwell, Jan Lundqvist, Junguo Liu, Jakob Lundberg. Climate, Energy and Water. Climate, Energy and Water. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Albert I. J. M. Van Dijk; Thomas J. Wilbanks; Nicole T. Carter; Nadia Madden; Martin J. Pasqualetti; Jeffrey J. Opperman; Joerg Hartmann; David Harrison; Anna Dalla Marta; Francesca Orlando; Marco Mancini; Simone Orlandini; Shahbaz Mushtaq; Tek N. Maraseni; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; Steven Kenway; Benjamin K. Sovacool; Ajith Rao; Greg Oliver; Jacqueline Peel; Neil Byron; Michael Smith; Georges Dyer; Philip Wallis; Tom Iseman; Vince C. Tidwell; Jan Lundqvist; Junguo Liu; Jakob Lundberg. 2015. "Climate, Energy and Water." Climate, Energy and Water , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Global Ecology and Conservation
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Groundwater decline is widespread, yet its implications for natural systems are poorly understood. Previous research has revealed links between groundwater depth and tree condition; however, critical thresholds which might indicate ecological ‘tipping points’ associated with rapid and potentially irreversible change have been difficult to quantify. This study collated data for two dominant floodplain species, Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) and E. populnea (poplar box) from 118 sites in eastern Australia where significant groundwater decline has occurred. Boosted regression trees, quantile regression and Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis were used to investigate the relationship between tree condition and groundwater depth. Distinct non-linear responses were found, with groundwater depth thresholds identified in the range from 12.1 m to 22.6 m for E. camaldulensis and 12.6 m to 26.6 m for E. populnea beyond which canopy condition declined abruptly. Non-linear threshold responses in canopy condition in these species may be linked to rooting depth, with chronic groundwater decline decoupling trees from deep soil moisture resources. The quantification of groundwater depth thresholds is likely to be critical for management aimed at conserving groundwater dependent biodiversity. Identifying thresholds will be important in regions where water extraction and drying climates may contribute to further groundwater decline

ACS Style

J. Kath; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; A.F. Le Brocque; Fiona J. Dyer; Elad Dafny; L. Fritz; M. Batterham. Groundwater decline and tree change in floodplain landscapes: Identifying non-linear threshold responses in canopy condition. Global Ecology and Conservation 2014, 2, 148 -160.

AMA Style

J. Kath, Kathryn Reardon-Smith, A.F. Le Brocque, Fiona J. Dyer, Elad Dafny, L. Fritz, M. Batterham. Groundwater decline and tree change in floodplain landscapes: Identifying non-linear threshold responses in canopy condition. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2014; 2 ():148-160.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Kath; Kathryn Reardon-Smith; A.F. Le Brocque; Fiona J. Dyer; Elad Dafny; L. Fritz; M. Batterham. 2014. "Groundwater decline and tree change in floodplain landscapes: Identifying non-linear threshold responses in canopy condition." Global Ecology and Conservation 2, no. : 148-160.