Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a promising delivery system, particularly for genetic therapies and vaccines. LNP formation requires a specific mixture of nucleic acid in a buffered solution and lipid components in ethanol. Ethanol acts as a lipid solvent, aiding the formation of the nanoparticle’s core, but its presence can also affect LNP stability. In this study, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the physicochemical effect of ethanol on LNPs and gain a dynamic understanding of its impact on the overall structure and stability of LNPs. Our results demonstrate that ethanol destabilizes LNP structure over time, indicated by increased root mean square deviation (RMSD) values. Changes in the solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), electron density, and radial distribution function (RDF) also suggest that ethanol affects LNP stability. Furthermore, our H-bond profile analysis shows that ethanol penetrates the LNP earlier than water. These findings emphasize the importance of immediate ethanol removal in lipid-based systems during LNP production to ensure stability.

ABSTRAK Minyak cengkeh merupakan salah satu produk dari minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan oleh Kluster Minyak Atsiri di Kabupaten Batang. Permasalahan yang dihadapi saat ini adalah kadar eugenol yang rendah serta warna yang belum bisa memenuhi standar SII/EOA maupun SNI 06 2387 2006. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan peningkatan kualitas minyak cengkeh /eugenol dengan proses adsorpsi. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa: bahan minyak cengkeh belum memenuhi standar SNI 06 2387 2006 khususnya dari warna dan kadar eugenol total. Hal ini dikarenakan dalam proses masih digunakan peralatan dari besi. Minyak cengkeh dapat ditingkatkan kadar eugenol dan perbaikan warna menjadi lebih cerah (kuning) dengan penambahan asam sitrat 0,6-10%. Peralatan dengan pengadukan dapat digunakan dalam proses peningkatan minyak cengkeh. Daya yang terpasang sekitar 1 PK dan kapasitas setiap batch 20-30 kg dengan waktu operasi 60 menit dan temperatur 50^oC. Kemampuan UKM di Klaster Minyak Atsiri Kab Batang Jawa Tengah dapat ditingkatkan dengan kegiatan pelatihan dan Expo hasil penelitian. Pada Tahun pertama, UKM telah melakukan kegiatan analisis produk dan perbaikan minyak cengkeh sehingga memenuhi standar SNI 06 2387 2006. Kata Kunci: minyak cengkeh, eugenol, adsorpsi, tangki berpengaduk, persentase Fe terikat ABSTRACT Clove oil is a product of essential oils produced by clusters of Essential Oils in Batang. The problem faced today is that low levels of eugenol and it color doen’t meet with SII / EOA and SNI 06 2387 2006 standard. The purpose in this research for improving the quality of clove oil / eugenol with adsorption process. The results showed that: clove oil doesn’t meet of SNI 06 2387 2006 especially at colors and total eugenol. This is because the process was used equipment from iron. The eugenol and color improving to yellow bright of clove oil by adding citric acid from 0.6 to 10%. Stirring equipment can be used to the process for increasing the quality of clove oil. Installing power of about 1 PK with batch of 20-30 kg capacity with 60 minutes operating time at 50^oC. The capability of UKM at clusters of Essential Oil at Batang, Central Java can be improved by training and researching Expo. In the first year, UKM had engaged in product analysis and improvement of clove oil that meets with SNI 2387 06 2006. Keywords: clove oil, eugenol, adsorption, stirred tank, the percentage of Fe bonded

Avian influenza is a significant threat to the poultry industry, and it has become an outbreak in many countries because of its mortality and morbidity. Concerns about the history of avian influenza outbreaks has prompted all countries to enhance their independence in pharmaceutical and biological components as a preparedness measure for any potential occurrences. The production of antibodies such as IgY is a potential alternative. The potential of IgY biomaterials can be utilized as bioreceptors in diagnostic tools. This research aimed to purify IgY anti-avian influenza H5N1 produced from chicken eggs. IgY anti-avian influenza H5N1 can be obtained from chickens vaccinated at 0.5 ml per bird dose using inactivated H5N1 vaccine with a purification stage from graded PEG, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and concentrated using an ultrafilter. The present study shows that the IgY anti-avian influenza H5N1 can be obtained from chickens vaccinated with an inactivated H5N1 vaccine, from 4 chicken eggs with a total protein content of 40.01 mg, it has biological activity with HI titer activity of 4,915.2 HI units and a recovery value of 24 % with hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Therefore, the purification process with hydrophobic interaction chromatography does not remove the IgY biological antibody. Further development will be required to perform.

Secondary metabolites produced by plants have been known to have a variety of biological activities including antioxidants that serve to ward off oxidant compounds and free radicals. The roots of merung (Coptosapelta tomentosa) has been known to have strong activity as an antioxidant while antioxidant activity in the stem is not yet known to date. This research aims to determine the secondary metabolites that have antioxidant activity on the root extracts and the stem of the vines qualitatively. The root extract and the stem of the merung plant are extracted with a methanol solvent using the maceration method. Antioxidant activity and identification of secondary metabolites are carried out qualitatively by the method of autography using the 2.2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl compound (DPPH) and some reagents of the secondary metabolite. Antioxidant activity of the merung root extract is on spot with RF 0.08 and 0.66. Spot with the RF 0.66 shows the brown color when reacted FeCl3, fluorescent yellow in UV rays 254 and 366 nm after reacted AlCl3 and red when reacted with KOH. The antioxidant activity of the merung stem extracts is at Rf 0.16, 0.33, 0.58, 0.66, and 0.75. Spot with the Rf 0.16 shows the color of brown when reacted FeCl3 and fluorescent blue in UV rays 254 and 366 nm after reacted AlCl3. Secondary metabolites that have antioxidant activity on root extracts and stems are suspected to be derivative phenolic compounds derived from flavonoid compounds.