Based on a combination of spontaneous lithium migration and targeted electrically-driven lithiation, a two-step resting-output current process was conducted to directly regenerate retired LiFePO₄ cathode, which can reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution.

With the consequent retirement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), there has been an upsurge in spent LIBs, posing significant challenges to energy, resources, and the environment, which has led to the necessity to recycle spent LIBs.

High Li⁺ conductivity and a dense microstructure of LLZO can be realized in LLZO by via Ga/Nb dual substitution.