Background and objectives: The long head of the biceps (LHB) and rotator cuff tendinopathy is the major cause of shoulder pain in competitive swimmers. The risk of tendinopathy increases with aging; however, the structural changes of LHB and rotator cuff in populations of masters swimmers have not been well examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ultrasonographic abnormalities of the shoulders in masters swimmers, and the association of pain, age, and swim training with structural changes in this population. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects participated in this study, with 20 masters swimmers with shoulder pain, 20 asymptomatic masters swimmers, and 20 sex- and age-matched controls. All swimmers completed a self-reported questionnaire for shoulder pain, their history of competition, and training volume. Each subject underwent ultrasonographic examination of both shoulders for pathologic findings in the LHB tendon, rotator cuff (supraspinatus (SSP) and subscapularis (SSC)) tendons, and subacromial bursa (SAB) of both shoulders and had thickness measured. Results: The prevalence of tendinosis (LHB, 48.8%; SSP, 17.5%; SSC, 15.9%), partial tear (SSP, 35.0%), and calcification (SSC, 10.0%) were higher in swimmers than in controls. LHB and SSP tendinosis were associated with shoulder pain. Older age and later start of competition were associated with an increased risk of LHB tendinosis and SSC calcification. Earlier initiation of swimming and longer history of competition were associated with an increased risk of SSP and SSC tendinosis. The thicker SSP tendon significantly increased the risk of tendinosis and partial tear. Conclusions: A high prevalence of structural changes in the rotator cuff and biceps tendons in masters swimmers reflects the effect of shoulder symptoms, aging, and swim training.

[Purpose] The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its associated restrictions have raised concerns regarding the lack of exercise among college students. Videos on digital platforms have addressed this issue, although their effects on student behavior are unclear. The present study investigated whether the simultaneous distribution of e-learning and exercise videos among college students during the lifting of behavioral restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic was effective in promoting health. [Participants and Methods] We conducted a randomized controlled trial in which 100 college students were recruited. The data of 61 students (e-learning and exercise video group=21, exercise video group=20, and control group=20) who completed baseline surveys were analyzed. The preliminary outcomes were physical activity, health habits, eHealth literacy, health-related quality of life, subjective well-being, and psychological stress. A mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare these variables before and after the intervention. [Results] Health practice and eHealth literacy scales exhibited significant interactions in the e-learning and exercise video groups compared to the other groups. [Conclusion] The combined distribution of e-learning and exercise videos did not significantly enhance physical activity among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, health literacy and habits improved.