Zygomycetes are phylogenetically early diverging, ecologically diverse, industrially valuable, agriculturally beneficial, and clinically pathogenic fungi. Although new phyla and subphyla have been constantly established to accommodate specific members and a subkingdom Mucoromyceta, comprising Calcarisporiellomycota, Glomeromycota, Mortierellomycota and Mucoromycota, was erected to unite core zygomycetous fungi, phylogenetic relationships within phyla have not been well resolved. Taking account of the information of monophyly and divergence time estimated from ITS and LSU rDNA sequences, the present study updates the classification framework of the phylum Mucoromycota from the class down to the generic rank: three classes, three orders, 20 families (including five new families Circinellaceae, Protomycocladaceae, Rhizomucoraceae, Syzygitaceae and Thermomucoraceae) and 64 genera. The taxonomic hierarchy was calibrated with estimated divergence times: phylum earlier than 617 Mya, classes and orders earlier than 547 Mya, families earlier than 199 Mya, and genera earlier than 12 Mya. Along with this outline, all genera of Mucoromycota are annotated and 58 new species are described. In addition, three new combinations are proposed. In this study, we update the taxonomic backbone of the phylum Mucoromycota and reinforce its phylogeny. We also contribute numerous new taxa and enrich the diversity of Mucoromycota.

The polypores with shallow pores from tropical Asia and America are studied. Our molecular phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) demonstrates six clades are formed among Porogramme and related genera. Two new genera, Cyanoporus and Pseudogrammothele, are established, and the six clades represent Porogramme, Cyanoporus, Grammothele, Epithele, Theleporus, and Pseudogrammothele, respectively. The molecular clock analyses estimate the divergence times of the six clades based on a dataset (ITS + LSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2), and we recognize the mean stem ages of the six genera are earlier than 50 Mya. Three new species in Porogramme were morphologically and phylogenetically confirmed, and they are described as P. austroasiana, P. cylindrica, and P. yunnanensis. Phylogenetic analysis shows that type species of Tinctoporellus and Porogramme are nested in the same clade, and Tinctoporellus is treated as a synonym of Porogramme. Based on our phylogeny, twelve new combinations are proposed, and the differences between the new species and similar or related species are discussed.

Heterobasidion species are amongst the most intensively studied polypores because several species are aggressive white rot pathogens of managed coniferous forests mainly in Europe and North America. In the present study, both morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses were carried out on Heterobasidion samples from Asia, Oceania, Europe and North America. Three new taxa were found, i.e., H. armandii, H. subinsulare, and H. subparviporum are from Asia and are described as new species. H. ecrustosum is treated as a synonym of H. insulare. So far, six taxa in the H. annosum species complex are recognized. Heterobasidion abietinum, H. annosum, and H. parviporum occur in Europe, H. irregulare, and H. occidentale in North America, and H. subparviporum in East Asia. The North American H. irregulare was introduced to Italy during the Second World War. Species in the H. annosum complex are pathogens of coniferous trees, except H. subparviporum that seems to be a saprotroph. Ten species are found in the H. insulare species complex, all of them are saprotrophs. The pathogenic species are distributed in Europe and North America; the Asian countries should consider the European and North American species as entry plant quarantine fungi. Parallelly, European countries should consider the American H. occidentale and H. irregulare as entry plant quarantine fungi although the latter species is already in Italy, while North America should treat H. abietinum, H. annosum s.s., and H. parviporum as entry plant quarantine fungi. Eight Heterobasidion species found in the Himalayas suggest that the ancestral Heterobasidion species may have occurred in Asia.

The genus Albatrellus is an important group of stipitate terrestrial fungi in the order Russulales. Some species in the genus form ectomycorrhizae, mostly with trees of Pinaceae; some are well-known edible mushrooms. However, its diversity and biogeography are unclear. Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on Albatrellus were carried out by morphological examination, which included detailed observations of the fruiting body, spore shape and size, and other key features, together with potential hosts. These observations were then compared and analysed using multi-locus molecular phylogenetic analyses, including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), and the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nucSSU). The results demonstrated that the species of Albatrellus formed eight clades. Nine new species are described and illustrated, and two new combinations are proposed. A total of 38 species are accepted in Albatrellus worldwide. Of those species, 26, 7, and 8 species are distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America, respectively. The divergence time indicated that the maximum crown age of Albatrellus was approximately 70.5 million years ago, and East Asia and North America are the likely ancestral areas. Dispersal and differentiation to other continents occurred during the late Paleocene and Miocene. Three kinds of dispersal routes are proposed: East Asia and Europe, East Asia and North America, and Europe and North America.