Cisplatin is the most widely used chemotherapeutic agent. However, it often causes nephrotoxicity, which results in acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, we urgently need a drug that can reduce the nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Loganin is a major iridoid glycoside isolated from Corni fructus that has been used as an anti-inflammatory agent in various pathological models. However, the renal protective activity of loganin remains unclear. In this study, to examine the protective effect of loganin on cisplatin-induced AKI, male C57BL/6 mice were orally administered with loganin (1, 10, and 20 mg/kg) 1 h before intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (10 mg/kg) and sacrificed at three days after the injection. The administration of loganin inhibited the elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CREA) in serum, which are used as biomarkers of AKI. Moreover, histological kidney injury, proximal tubule damages, and renal cell death, such as apoptosis and ferroptosis, were reduced by loganin treatment. Also, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, reduced by loganin treatment. Furthermore, loganin deactivated the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2 during AKI. Taken together, our results suggest that loganin may attenuate cisplatin-induced AKI through the inhibition of ERK1/2.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder, involving acinar cell death and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Currently, there are limited effective therapeutic agents for AP. Betulinic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid extracted from Betula platyphylla that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of BA on AP and elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms. AP was induced in mice through six intraperitoneal injections of cerulein. After the last cerulein injection, the mice were sacrificed. Our results revealed that pre- and post-treatment with BA significantly reduced the severity of pancreatitis, as evidenced by a decrease in histological damage in the pancreas and lung, serum amylase and lipase activity and pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity. Furthermore, BA pretreatment reduced proinflammatory cytokine production, augmentation of chemokines, and infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in the pancreas of AP mice. In addition, mice that were pretreated with BA showed a reduction in Iκ-Bα degradation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) binding activity in the pancreas. Moreover, BA reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and NF-κB activation in pancreatic acinar cells (PACs). These findings suggest that BA may have prophylactic and therapeutic effects on AP via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by recurrent pancreatic injury, resulting in inflammation and fibrosis. Currently, there are no drugs for the treatment of pancreatic fibrosis associated with CP. Piperine, a natural alkaloid found in black pepper, has been reported to show anti‑inflammatory, anti‑oxidative, and antitumor activities. Although piperine exhibits numerous properties in regards to the regulation of diverse diseases, the effects of piperine on CP have not been established. To investigate the effects of piperine on CP in vivo, we induced CP in mice through the repetitive administration of cerulein (50 µg/kg) six times at 1‑h intervals, 5 times per week, for a total of 3 weeks. In the pre‑treatment groups, piperine (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or corn oil were administrated orally at 1 h before the first cerulein injection, once a day, 5 times a week, for a total of 3 weeks. In the post‑treatment groups, piperine (10 mg/kg) or corn oil was administered orally at 1 or 2 week after the first cerulein injection. Pancreases were collected for histological analysis. In addition, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) were isolated to examine the anti‑fibrogenic effects and regulatory mechanisms of piperine. Piperine treatment significantly inhibited histological damage in the pancreas, increased the pancreatic acinar cell survival, reduced collagen deposition and reduced pro‑inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In addition, piperine treatment reduced the expression of fibrotic mediators, such as α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA), collagen, and fibronectin 1 in the pancreas and PSCs. Moreover, piperine treatment reduced the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β in the pancreas and PSCs. Furthermore, piperine treatment inhibited TGF‑β‑induced pSMAD2/3 activation but not pSMAD1/5 in the PSCs. These findings suggest that piperine treatment ameliorates pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting TGF‑β/SMAD2/3 signaling during CP.

It has been previously shown that Nardostachys jatamansi (NJ) exhibits anti‐inflammatory properties against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges. However, the potency of NJ constituents against LPS‐induced inflammatory responses has not been examined. In this present study, we determined which NJ extract fractions exhibit inhibitory effects against LPS‐induced inflammatory responses. Among the NJ fractions, NJ‐1, NJ‐3, NJ‐4, and NJ‐6 inhibited LPS‐induced production of NO. The NJ‐3, NJ‐4, and NJ‐6 fractions also inhibited the production of cytokines, such as IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α. However, NJ‐1, NJ‐3, NJ‐4, and NJ‐6 showed differential inhibitory mechanisms against LPS‐induced inflammatory responses. NJ‐1, NJ‐3, and NJ‐4 inhibited LPS‐induced activation of c‐jun NH₂‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 but did not affect activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) or NF‐κB. On the other hand, NJ‐6 inhibited activation of MAPKs and NF‐κB. In addition, in vivo experiments revealed that administration of NJ‐1, NJ‐3, NJ‐4, and NJ‐6 reduced LPS‐induced endotoxin shock, with NJ‐6 especially showing a marked protective effect. Taken together, these results provide the evidence for the potential of selective NJ fractions against LPS‐induced inflammation. Thus, it will be advantageous to further isolate and determine single effective compounds from these potent fractions.

The major role of inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells is to maintain water and sodium homeostasis. In addition to the major role, it also participates in the protection of renal and systemic inflammation. Although IMCD cells could take part in renal and systemic inflammation, investigations on renal inflammation in IMCD cells have rarely been reported. Although berberine (BBR) has been reported to show diverse pharmacological effects, its anti‑inflammatory and protective effects on IMCD cells have not been studied. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the anti‑inflammatory and protective effects of BBR in mouse IMCD‑3 (mIMCD‑3) cells against lipopolysaccharide (LPS). An MTT assay was carried out to investigate the toxicity of BBR on mIMCD‑3 cells. Reverse transcription quantitative‑PCR and western blotting were performed to analysis pro‑inflammatory molecules and cytokines. Mechanisms of BBR were examined by western blotting and immunocytochemistry. According to previous studies, pro‑inflammatory molecules, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‑2, and pro‑inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and tumor necrosis factor‑α are increased in LPS‑exposed mIMCD‑3 cells. However, the production of these pro‑inflammatory molecules is significantly inhibited by treatment with BBR. In addition, BBR inhibited translocation of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB p65 from the cytosol to the nucleus, and degradation of inhibitory κ‑Bα in LPS‑exposed mIMCD‑3 cells. In conclusion, BBR could inhibit renal inflammatory responses via inhibition of NF‑κB signaling and ultimately contribute to amelioration of renal injury during systemic inflammation.