Background: In recent years, numerous artificial intelligence applications, especially generative large language models, have evolved in the medical field. This study conducted a structured comparative analysis of four leading generative large language models (LLMs)—ChatGPT-4o (OpenAI), Grok-3 (xAI), Gemini-2.0 Flash (Google), and DeepSeek-V3 (DeepSeek)—to evaluate their diagnostic performance in clinical case scenarios. Methods: We assessed medical knowledge recall and clinical reasoning capabilities through staged, progressively complex cases, with responses graded by expert raters using a 0–5 scale. Results: All models performed better on knowledge-based questions than on reasoning tasks, highlighting the ongoing limitations in contextual diagnostic synthesis. Overall, DeepSeek outperformed the other models, achieving significantly higher scores across all evaluation dimensions (p < 0.05), particularly in regards to medical reasoning tasks. Conclusions: While these findings support the feasibility of using LLMs for medical training and decision support, the study emphasizes the need for improved interpretability, prompt optimization, and rigorous benchmarking to ensure clinical reliability. This structured, comparative approach contributes to ongoing efforts to establish standardized evaluation frameworks for integrating LLMs into diagnostic workflows.

Aim of the study was to investigate interleukin (IL)-4 serum levels in patients with advanced endometriosis and whether IL-4 promoter region (-590C/T) genetic polymorphism is involved in genetic susceptibility to endometriosis. Material and methods: IL-4 serum levels and IL-4 -590C/T genetic polymorphism were determined for 80 patients with advanced endometriosis and 85 healthy fertile women using a multiplex cytokine kit, with a Luminex 200 system; high molecular weight genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, and further analyzed by PCR amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-PFLP). The relationship between IL-4 serum levels, genotypes and haplotypes and the presence of endometriosis was explored. Results: Interleukin 4 serum levels were significantly higher in the endometriosis group compared to controls (138,459 compared to 84,710, p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in IL-4 serum levels between genotypes. There were no differences in IL-4 -590C/T genotypes and allele frequencies between control women and patients with endometriosis (χ2 = 0.496, and χ2 = 0.928, OR = 1.3636, CI: 0.725-2.564). Conclusions: The results suggest that in patients with advanced stages of endometriosis there is a higher serum level of IL-4, and that this value, or the presence of the disease, is not influenced by the presence of IL-4 -590C/T genetic polymorphism.