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This technical note introduces a new graphical representation which allows the visualization of the energy balance of a structure subjected to dynamic loading using hysteretic curves. Hysteretic curves were originally created to describe the behavior of magnetic materials. They were later introduced into structural engineering to describe the behavior of structures subjected mainly to seismic loading. In their current form, the hysteretic curves used in structural dynamics do not provide the information required to analyze the energy history of their behavior, this is due to the fact that velocity, a relevant variable in the description of the history of displacements, is not present. In this technical note, the authors present a new concept: the energy-balanced hysteretic curve, consisting of a graph that contains all the information needed to analyze the history of the displacements and the energy balance during the motion of the structure. Detailed examples show the benefits of this new representation.
Enrique Hernández-Montes; Juan Francisco Carbonell-Márquez; Luisa María Gil-Martín. The energy-balanced hysteretic curve for dynamic loading. Engineering Structures 2020, 229, 111600 .
AMA StyleEnrique Hernández-Montes, Juan Francisco Carbonell-Márquez, Luisa María Gil-Martín. The energy-balanced hysteretic curve for dynamic loading. Engineering Structures. 2020; 229 ():111600.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnrique Hernández-Montes; Juan Francisco Carbonell-Márquez; Luisa María Gil-Martín. 2020. "The energy-balanced hysteretic curve for dynamic loading." Engineering Structures 229, no. : 111600.
This paper presents a new general methodology to obtain an approximate analytical expression of the Saint-Venant's torsion. The shear stress in each of the principal Cartesian directions is obtained by the derivation of the stress function, whose analytical expression is obtained from the Prandtl analogy. The proposed methodology uses two variables quadratic piecewise functions to define the Prandtl membrane. This document shows that the approximate procedure is especially suitable for steel shapes, giving values very close to those obtained with more precise methods. The main advantage of the presented methodology is its simplicity, which makes it useful for both pedagogic and practical applications. Several examples are developed.
L.M. Gil-Martín; A. Palomares; E. Hernández-Montes. Approximate expression of the Prandtl membrane analogy in linear elastic pure torsion of open thin-walled cross sections and regular polygons. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2020, 210-211, 109 -118.
AMA StyleL.M. Gil-Martín, A. Palomares, E. Hernández-Montes. Approximate expression of the Prandtl membrane analogy in linear elastic pure torsion of open thin-walled cross sections and regular polygons. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2020; 210-211 ():109-118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL.M. Gil-Martín; A. Palomares; E. Hernández-Montes. 2020. "Approximate expression of the Prandtl membrane analogy in linear elastic pure torsion of open thin-walled cross sections and regular polygons." International Journal of Solids and Structures 210-211, no. : 109-118.
A tensegrity family is a group of tensegrity structures that share a common connectivity pattern. The three first members of the Octahedron family are the octahedron, the expanded octahedron and the double-expanded octahedron. In this work a new family is presented: the X-Octahedron family. If in the elementary rhombic cells of the Octahedron family a diagonal cable is introduced then X-rhombic cells are obtained, resulting in tensegrity forms that belongs to the new family. Three members of the family have been obtained: the X-octahedron, the X-expanded octahedron and the X-double-expanded octahedron. Several element groupings have been considered in order to find new equilibrium shapes of the members of the new family. The values of the force:length ratios which satisfy the super-stability conditions have been computed analytically.
Manuel Alejandro Fernández-Ruiz; Enrique Hernández-Montes; Luisa María Gil-Martín. The Octahedron family as a source of tensegrity families: The X-Octahedron family. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2020, 208-209, 1 -12.
AMA StyleManuel Alejandro Fernández-Ruiz, Enrique Hernández-Montes, Luisa María Gil-Martín. The Octahedron family as a source of tensegrity families: The X-Octahedron family. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2020; 208-209 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Alejandro Fernández-Ruiz; Enrique Hernández-Montes; Luisa María Gil-Martín. 2020. "The Octahedron family as a source of tensegrity families: The X-Octahedron family." International Journal of Solids and Structures 208-209, no. : 1-12.
A new family of tensegrity structures is presented: the Z-octahedron family. A tensegrity family is a group of tensegrity structures that share a common connectivity pattern. The members of the Z-octahedron family have been obtained replacing the elementary rhombic cells of the members of the octahedron family with elementary Z-shaped cells. In addition, a higher number of possible force density or force:length ratio values have been considered. The values of the force:length ratio of the members of the family that lead to super-stable tensegrity forms have been computed analytically. Two members of the family have been obtained: the Z-expanded octahedron and the Z-double-expanded octahedron. Finally it has been proved that the Z-double-expanded octahedron obtained here from topological rules can also be defined from a truncated cube based on purely geometrical intuition.
Manuel Alejandro Fernández-Ruiz; Enrique Hernández-Montes; Luisa María Gil-Martín. The Z-octahedron family: A new tensegrity family. Engineering Structures 2020, 222, 111151 .
AMA StyleManuel Alejandro Fernández-Ruiz, Enrique Hernández-Montes, Luisa María Gil-Martín. The Z-octahedron family: A new tensegrity family. Engineering Structures. 2020; 222 ():111151.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Alejandro Fernández-Ruiz; Enrique Hernández-Montes; Luisa María Gil-Martín. 2020. "The Z-octahedron family: A new tensegrity family." Engineering Structures 222, no. : 111151.
A simpler and a more general formulation of the component method (CM) proposed by the European Standard of Steel Structures is presented in this work. There are two main differences from the methodology proposed in Eurocode 3-Part 1–8: first) the moment-rotation curve is obtained from the moment and axial equilibrium equations using only the translational stiffness (springs) of the components (i.e. avoiding the concept of rotational stiffness), and two) the shear response of the column panel zone is distributed over the joint and located at the level where other components exist, instead of concentrating it at the level of the compression zone, as Eurocode 3-Part 8 does. By using basic kinematic conditions and solving a simple system of equations, all the information regarding the behavior of the joint is obtained. Two examples are presented.
L.M. Gil-Martín; E. Hernández-Montes. A compact and simpler formulation of the component method for steel connections. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2019, 164, 105782 .
AMA StyleL.M. Gil-Martín, E. Hernández-Montes. A compact and simpler formulation of the component method for steel connections. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2019; 164 ():105782.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL.M. Gil-Martín; E. Hernández-Montes. 2019. "A compact and simpler formulation of the component method for steel connections." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 164, no. : 105782.
There are three possible modes of buckling of thin-walled straight steel columns: flexural buckling, torsional buckling, and flexural-torsional buckling. These modes of buckling are considered in the specification for the design of steel structures, such as Eurocode 3, which includes the particular case of torsional-flexural buckling of centrically loaded members with monosymmetric cross-sections. The system of differential equations that governs the stability of centrically loaded weightless members was presented in the mid-twentieth century and has been widely addressed in both steel structures and instability books. In this work, a simpler way to obtain the differential equations of stability for both torsional and flexural-torsional buckling modes by using equivalent forces is presented. The presented idea is especially useful in the academic context of civil engineering. Students and faculty members will appreciate the deduction of the instability equations governing the equilibrium in a few simple steps.
L.M. Gil-Martín; E. Hernández-Montes. Study of the stability of weightless thin-walled straight columns under centrically applied terminal compressive force by using equivalent forces. Engineering Structures 2019, 200, 109726 .
AMA StyleL.M. Gil-Martín, E. Hernández-Montes. Study of the stability of weightless thin-walled straight columns under centrically applied terminal compressive force by using equivalent forces. Engineering Structures. 2019; 200 ():109726.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL.M. Gil-Martín; E. Hernández-Montes. 2019. "Study of the stability of weightless thin-walled straight columns under centrically applied terminal compressive force by using equivalent forces." Engineering Structures 200, no. : 109726.
Luisa María Gil-Martín; Enrique Hernández-Montes. Closure to “Discussion on ‘Strain compatibility in strength design of RC slabs’ by L.M. Gil-Martín, E. Hernández-Montes [Eng. Struct. 178 (2019) 423–435]. Engineering Structures 2019, 200, 109730 .
AMA StyleLuisa María Gil-Martín, Enrique Hernández-Montes. Closure to “Discussion on ‘Strain compatibility in strength design of RC slabs’ by L.M. Gil-Martín, E. Hernández-Montes [Eng. Struct. 178 (2019) 423–435]. Engineering Structures. 2019; 200 ():109730.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuisa María Gil-Martín; Enrique Hernández-Montes. 2019. "Closure to “Discussion on ‘Strain compatibility in strength design of RC slabs’ by L.M. Gil-Martín, E. Hernández-Montes [Eng. Struct. 178 (2019) 423–435]." Engineering Structures 200, no. : 109730.
The introduction of polymers in ordinary cement concrete in order to reduce the Portland cement consumption is gaining more attraction in the field of civil engineering. However, in order to promote the use of Polymer-Modified Concrete (PMC) in real works, in addition to the mechanical characterization of the material, the study of its structural behavior is necessary. Two Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) with 5% and 15% of cement replacement (expressed in terms of polymer/cement mass ratio (p/c)) by Ground Tire Rubber and epoxy, respectively, have been considered. The above replacements of cement were considered as optimum in a previous research carried out by the authors. This paper reports the experimental behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beam-column joints made with conventional and PCC subjected to quasi-static reversed cyclic loading. The specimens included a control, one reference specimen made of a traditional concrete, and another two ones in which the joint zone was casted with epoxy resin and ground rubber respectively as partial cement replacement. The influence of the two polymer-cement concretes on the overall structural behavior of the RC joints was studied in terms of load-carrying capacity, strength degradation, ductility, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation capacity, equivalent viscous damping ratio, joint damage level and pinching width ratio. The results revealed that the epoxy resin concrete exhibited a good structural behaviour. On the contrary, the results corresponding to ground tire rubber concrete discourage its use in structures.
L.M. Gil-Martín; A.E. Rodríguez-Suesca; M.A. Fernández-Ruiz; E. Hernández-Montes. Cyclic behavior of RC beam-column joints with epoxy resin and ground tire rubber as partial cement replacement. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 211, 659 -674.
AMA StyleL.M. Gil-Martín, A.E. Rodríguez-Suesca, M.A. Fernández-Ruiz, E. Hernández-Montes. Cyclic behavior of RC beam-column joints with epoxy resin and ground tire rubber as partial cement replacement. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 211 ():659-674.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL.M. Gil-Martín; A.E. Rodríguez-Suesca; M.A. Fernández-Ruiz; E. Hernández-Montes. 2019. "Cyclic behavior of RC beam-column joints with epoxy resin and ground tire rubber as partial cement replacement." Construction and Building Materials 211, no. : 659-674.
The octahedron family of tensegrity structures is presented in this research. The octahedron and the expanded octahedron (well-known tensegrities in the literature) are the first and second components of the family. A new tensegrity is presented: the double-expanded octahedron. This new tensegrity form was obtained following the connectivity pattern of the octahedron family presented in this work. The values of the force densities or force:length ratios that satisfy the minimum required rank deficiency of the force density matrix were computed analytically. Two types of solutions are obtained: full and folded forms. Results show that each lower member of the octahedron family is a folded form of a superior member of this family. Several examples are shown.
Manuel Alejandro Fernández-Ruiz; Enrique Hernández-Montes; Juan Francisco Carbonell-Márquez; Luisa María Gil-Martín. Octahedron family: The double-expanded octahedron tensegrity. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2019, 165, 1 -13.
AMA StyleManuel Alejandro Fernández-Ruiz, Enrique Hernández-Montes, Juan Francisco Carbonell-Márquez, Luisa María Gil-Martín. Octahedron family: The double-expanded octahedron tensegrity. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2019; 165 ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Alejandro Fernández-Ruiz; Enrique Hernández-Montes; Juan Francisco Carbonell-Márquez; Luisa María Gil-Martín. 2019. "Octahedron family: The double-expanded octahedron tensegrity." International Journal of Solids and Structures 165, no. : 1-13.
This paper presents a compact formulation of a new method for the design of RC slabs to ultimate state of shear, bending and torsion that overcomes the lack of strain compatibility substantiation presented by previous methods used in the available software. This new approach provides designs which behave closer to experiments than the previous ones due to the use of a necessary assumption in regard to strain compatibility. The fact that the new method gives higher amounts of reinforcement than the previous methods leads to a liability concern in the current design of RC slabs. The authors present this new method in an easy to understand way. Existing experimental and numerical tests show the good behavior of the method.
L.M. Gil-Martín; E. Hernández-Montes. Strain compatibility in the strength design of RC slabs. Engineering Structures 2018, 178, 423 -435.
AMA StyleL.M. Gil-Martín, E. Hernández-Montes. Strain compatibility in the strength design of RC slabs. Engineering Structures. 2018; 178 ():423-435.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL.M. Gil-Martín; E. Hernández-Montes. 2018. "Strain compatibility in the strength design of RC slabs." Engineering Structures 178, no. : 423-435.
In this research, the compressive behavior of concrete mixtures incorporating epoxy resin with and without hardener and ground rubber (tyre powder) as cement replacement was investigated. Various experimental mixes were produced varying the polymer/cement mass ratio. A general design criteria was adopted in the design of the mixtures in order to have a fair comparison between polymer-cement and traditional concretes. Concrete mixes were characterized through mechanical and durability tests. Mechanical tests included compressive and flexural strength. Durability was evaluated through the study of chloride ingress into the concrete matrix. Results indicate that the use of polymer-cement concrete modifies the post-peak slope of the stress-strain curve, showing a better ductility, having a special interest in earthquake engineering.
Manuel Alejandro Fernández Ruiz; L.M. Gil-Martín; J.F. Carbonell-Márquez; E. Hernández-Montes. Epoxy resin and ground tyre rubber replacement for cement in concrete: Compressive behaviour and durability properties. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 173, 49 -57.
AMA StyleManuel Alejandro Fernández Ruiz, L.M. Gil-Martín, J.F. Carbonell-Márquez, E. Hernández-Montes. Epoxy resin and ground tyre rubber replacement for cement in concrete: Compressive behaviour and durability properties. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 173 ():49-57.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Alejandro Fernández Ruiz; L.M. Gil-Martín; J.F. Carbonell-Márquez; E. Hernández-Montes. 2018. "Epoxy resin and ground tyre rubber replacement for cement in concrete: Compressive behaviour and durability properties." Construction and Building Materials 173, no. : 49-57.
A procedure for the performance-based seismic design of moment-resistant frames is presented. The design procedure utilizes an estimate of the yield displacement of the roof in conjunction with yield point spectra to determine the required lateral strength. Beam strengths are established using a plastic mechanism approach, while a modified Portal Frame method is used to establish the strengths of critical sections of columns, considering the locations of inflection points and the desire to avoid weak-story mechanisms. An example illustrates the application to reinforced concrete frames. Due to the stability of the yield displacement, few (if any) iterations are needed.
Enrique Hernández-Montes; Mark A. Aschheim. A Seismic Design Procedure for Moment-Frame Structures. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 2017, 23, 1584 -1603.
AMA StyleEnrique Hernández-Montes, Mark A. Aschheim. A Seismic Design Procedure for Moment-Frame Structures. Journal of Earthquake Engineering. 2017; 23 (9):1584-1603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnrique Hernández-Montes; Mark A. Aschheim. 2017. "A Seismic Design Procedure for Moment-Frame Structures." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 23, no. 9: 1584-1603.
The main cause of the deterioration of concrete structures is the corrosion of their reinforcement. The use of galvanized steel rebars is a competitive solution to increase the service life of structures. The bond of galvanized rebars with concrete has been studied in recent years, but some of the results of different research on bond capacity are slightly contradictory. In this paper, a study of the surface geometry of traditional and galvanized rebars has been carried out to discover the influence of galvanizing on the bond capacity of reinforcement. Furthermore, the bond behavior of four reinforced concretes combining black and galvanized rebars along with ordinary portland cement (OPC) concrete and concrete containing blast furnace slag (BFS) has been assessed through pullout tests at different ages and limit states. The surface geometry of the rebars changed slightly because of galvanization. The bond tests at 7 days showed lower stresses when galvanized rebars and BFS were employed. At 28 days, similar anchorage lengths could be used for the design regardless of the type of reinforcement and concrete employed. However, slight differences were noticed depending on the limit states analyzed.
Francisco Javier Luna Molina; María Cruz Alonso Alonso; Enrique Hernández Montes; Cecilio López Hombrados. Galvanized Steel in Concrete: More Durable Structures Maintaining the Bond Length. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2017, 29, 04017055 .
AMA StyleFrancisco Javier Luna Molina, María Cruz Alonso Alonso, Enrique Hernández Montes, Cecilio López Hombrados. Galvanized Steel in Concrete: More Durable Structures Maintaining the Bond Length. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2017; 29 (8):04017055.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Javier Luna Molina; María Cruz Alonso Alonso; Enrique Hernández Montes; Cecilio López Hombrados. 2017. "Galvanized Steel in Concrete: More Durable Structures Maintaining the Bond Length." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29, no. 8: 04017055.
Hernández-Montes E. Structural Knowledge in the Homage Tower of the Alhambra Palace. MOJ Civil Engineering 2017, 2, 1 -3.
AMA StyleHernández-Montes E. Structural Knowledge in the Homage Tower of the Alhambra Palace. MOJ Civil Engineering. 2017; 2 (6):1-3.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Montes E. 2017. "Structural Knowledge in the Homage Tower of the Alhambra Palace." MOJ Civil Engineering 2, no. 6: 1-3.
A formula to estimate the yield displacement observed in the pushover analysis of coupled wall lateral force-resisting systems is presented. The estimate is based on the results of an analytical study of coupled walls ranging from 8 to 20 stories in height, with varied amounts of reinforcement in the reinforced concrete coupling beams and walls, subjected to first-mode pushover analysis. An example illustrates the application of these estimates to the performance-based seismic design of coupled walls.
Enrique Hernández-Montes; Mark Aschheim. An Estimate of the Yield Displacement of Coupled Walls for Seismic Design. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 2017, 11, 275 -284.
AMA StyleEnrique Hernández-Montes, Mark Aschheim. An Estimate of the Yield Displacement of Coupled Walls for Seismic Design. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2017; 11 (2):275-284.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnrique Hernández-Montes; Mark Aschheim. 2017. "An Estimate of the Yield Displacement of Coupled Walls for Seismic Design." International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 11, no. 2: 275-284.
The physical form of the ancient arch of Taq-iKisra is studied. A structural analysis is developed considering its unusual geometry. In addition, a physical model using hanging chains to represent the uneven distribution of weight was built. Due to the particular geometry of the arch, it is concluded that the designer-builders of this 6th century arch must have utilized hanging models or physical scale models to derive its unusual geometry. If hanging models were used, this would predate the earliest use of the catenary by Robert Hooke in the construction of arches in the 17th century.
E. Hernández-Montes; M. A. Fernández-Ruiz; M. Aschheim; L. M. Gil-Martín. Structural Knowledge within the 6th Century AD Arch of Taq-iKisra. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2017, 11, 891 -900.
AMA StyleE. Hernández-Montes, M. A. Fernández-Ruiz, M. Aschheim, L. M. Gil-Martín. Structural Knowledge within the 6th Century AD Arch of Taq-iKisra. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2017; 11 (6):891-900.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Hernández-Montes; M. A. Fernández-Ruiz; M. Aschheim; L. M. Gil-Martín. 2017. "Structural Knowledge within the 6th Century AD Arch of Taq-iKisra." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 11, no. 6: 891-900.
This piece of work presents a simple and compact overview of the design problem of tensegrity structures in two and three dimensions. The main aim of this study is to present the design and calculation of tensegrity structures in their simplest form, avoiding unnecessary simplifications that can rule out solutions, as has happened up until now. As a result of the simplicity of the procedure, two types of tensegrity structures are obtained for the same initial topology: full and folded forms. Several examples are shown.
E Hernández-Montes; Manuel Alejandro Fernández Ruiz; Lm Gil-Martín; L Merino; P Jara. Full and folded forms: a compact review of the formulation of tensegrity structures. Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 2017, 23, 944 -949.
AMA StyleE Hernández-Montes, Manuel Alejandro Fernández Ruiz, Lm Gil-Martín, L Merino, P Jara. Full and folded forms: a compact review of the formulation of tensegrity structures. Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids. 2017; 23 (6):944-949.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE Hernández-Montes; Manuel Alejandro Fernández Ruiz; Lm Gil-Martín; L Merino; P Jara. 2017. "Full and folded forms: a compact review of the formulation of tensegrity structures." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 23, no. 6: 944-949.
Enrique Hernández-Montes; Manuel Alejandro Fernández Ruiz; Juan Francisco Carbonell-Márquez; Luisa María Gil-Martín. Theoretical and experimental in-service long-term deflection response of symmetrically and non-symmetrically reinforced concrete piles. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 2017, 17, 433 -445.
AMA StyleEnrique Hernández-Montes, Manuel Alejandro Fernández Ruiz, Juan Francisco Carbonell-Márquez, Luisa María Gil-Martín. Theoretical and experimental in-service long-term deflection response of symmetrically and non-symmetrically reinforced concrete piles. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 2017; 17 (2):433-445.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnrique Hernández-Montes; Manuel Alejandro Fernández Ruiz; Juan Francisco Carbonell-Márquez; Luisa María Gil-Martín. 2017. "Theoretical and experimental in-service long-term deflection response of symmetrically and non-symmetrically reinforced concrete piles." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 2: 433-445.
Luisa Gil-Martín; Manuel Fernandez-Ruiz; Enrique Hernandez-Montes. A discussion on the stiffness matrices used in tensegrity structures. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 2017, 15, 383 -388.
AMA StyleLuisa Gil-Martín, Manuel Fernandez-Ruiz, Enrique Hernandez-Montes. A discussion on the stiffness matrices used in tensegrity structures. Journal of Applied Engineering Science. 2017; 15 (3):383-388.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuisa Gil-Martín; Manuel Fernandez-Ruiz; Enrique Hernandez-Montes. 2017. "A discussion on the stiffness matrices used in tensegrity structures." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 15, no. 3: 383-388.
An arch is a structural element that aims to reduce flexural moments while also spanning an open space. For this reason, the shapes of loaded arches have always attracted scientists and engineers. The analytical expression of a loaded arch under different loading conditions advances knowledge and precision. This paper presents the analytical expression of an arch under different gravitational loading conditions, including non-symmetrically distributed and punctual loadings. Several numerical examples and one experiment are shown in detail.
L. M. Gil-Martín; E. Hernández-Montes; A. Palomares; M. Pasadas-Fernández. The optimum shape of an arch under non-symmetric loading conditions. Archive of Applied Mechanics 2016, 86, 1509 -1520.
AMA StyleL. M. Gil-Martín, E. Hernández-Montes, A. Palomares, M. Pasadas-Fernández. The optimum shape of an arch under non-symmetric loading conditions. Archive of Applied Mechanics. 2016; 86 (8):1509-1520.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. M. Gil-Martín; E. Hernández-Montes; A. Palomares; M. Pasadas-Fernández. 2016. "The optimum shape of an arch under non-symmetric loading conditions." Archive of Applied Mechanics 86, no. 8: 1509-1520.